Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PR - Big book > 16.1-16.11 > Flashcards

16.1-16.11 Flashcards

1
Q

6 goals of circulatory system

A
  1. Distribute nutrients (from digestion, liver, fat)
  2. Transport oxygen, eliminate CO2
  3. Remove metabolic waste (to kidneys)
  4. Transport hormones
  5. Maintain homeostasis of body temperature
  6. Blood clotting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

capillaries

A

very thin, 1 cell thick

exchange b/t blood and tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

arterioles

A

increasingly smaller arteries, with SMOOTH muscle on walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

endothelial cells (4 purposes)

A

INNER LINING of all blood vessels

capillaries are 1 SINGLE LAYER of endothelial cells

intracellular clefts make up the wall, allows for transport of nutrients wastes and WBCs

vasodilation/constriction
inflammation
angiogenesis (new blood vessels)
thrombosis (clot)

implicated in diseases like hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, bad clots, CAD, and atherosclerosis (!)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

AV valve

A

prevents backflow to atrium

left is bicuspid - mitral

right is tricuspid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the valve leaving the ventricle called?

A

aortic and pulmonary SEMILUNAR valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

intercalated disks

A

the connections between cardiac muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

muscle cell

A

ability to propagate AP across the surface.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

diastole

A

when the blood is filling the heart

when dup and lub

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

systole

A

shorter, the space between lub and dup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

functional syncytium

A

cytoplasm of two cells can communicate via GAP JUNCTIONS in the heart

NO CHEMICAL SIGNALING WITHIN HEART

cardiac muscle -> intercalated disks -> electrical synapse

Calcium goes down its gradient (MORE outside than inside)

Strength of contraction == extracellular concentration of Calcium

Phase 3: Outward K+ current through voltage-gated channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

atrial synctium is connected to the ventricles through…

A

cardiac conduction system

delayed as it passes through this CONDUCTION SYSTEM known as the AV NODE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

two voltage-gated channels in heart

A

fast sodium channels (voltage gated) - cardiac muscle and neurons

slow calcium channel - calcium comes IN once change in membrane potential to the threshold voltage occurs

slow Ca channels allow passage of calcium DOWN ITS GRADIENT, longer depolarization than neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

depolarization of membrane lasts *** in cardiac muscle

A

LONGER, therefore longer absolute refractory period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

SA node

A

in right atrium
- PACEMAKER of the heart (has most Na leak channels)
- automaticity, divided into three phases: phase 0, 3 and 4
UNSTABLE RESTING POTENTIAL (-50-40 mV)

Phase 0: Inward Ca2+ current through VOLTAGE-GATED channels (DEPOLARIZATION due to Ca2+, NOT Na+ influx in myocytes and skeletal muscle cells); this is VERY GRADUAL

Phase 3: Repolarization: closure of Ca2+ channels and opening of K+ channels

Has the MOST Na+ leak channels, so reaches threshold voltage FIRST

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

RBC

A

NO NUCLEUS or other organelles like mitochondria

120-day lifespan

requires ATP for ion pumping and basic maintenance of structure

relies on glycolysis

large surface area with millions of hemoglobin

17
Q

transfusion reaction

A

antibodies to A and B cause clumping and destruction of red blood cells with the wrong antigen

the immune system must be exposed before it produces antibodies for it

18
Q

hemolytic disease of the newborn

A

anti-Rh antibodies can cross the placental barrier and destroy the Rh+ baby’s red blood cells

must inject with anti-Rh antibodies

19
Q

which WBCs move by amoeboid?

A

macrophages, neutrophils

20
Q

6 types of WBC

A

p. 420

21
Q

what are magekaryocytes?

A

large bone marrow cells that produce platelets

22
Q

what helps platelets

A

fibrin

plasma protein fibrinogen is converted into FIBRIN by a protein called THROMBIN when bleeding occurs. THROMBUS is a blood clot circulating the bloodstream

activated by CALCIUM

hemophilia X-linked recessive

23
Q

cooperative binding

A

hemoglobin -> increased affinity for each oxygen

SIGMOIDAL CURVE

24
Q

Bohr effect (3 factors)

A
  1. decreased pH
  2. increased CO2
  3. increase temperature

these factors stabilize TENSE hemoglobin, REDUCING oxygen affinity.

25
Q

carbonic anhydrase

A

found in RBC enzyme

converts CO2 into carbonic acid (H2CO3)

carbonic acid -> HCO3- + H+

CO2 can be dissolved in blood

CO2 binds to OTHER sites on hemoglobin - STABILIZES tense hemoglobin

26
Q

spaces between endothelial cells in capillaries

A

intercellular clefts

27
Q

Liver

A

hepatic portal system: direct transport from intestine to liver

stores glucose / AAs

28
Q

Pressure = Flow * Resistance

A

increase resistance, DECREASE flow

29
Q

Pressure = Flow * Resistance

A

increase resistance, DECREASE flow

SNS controls precapillary sphincters that control peripheral resistance; SNS causes PSphincters in the gut to CONTRACT (reduce blood flow). Vasoconstriction reduces blood flow. SNS also causes PSphincters in skeletal muscles to relax.

More Q = higher blood pressure (!)

Vasodilation can also be regulated automatically by waste build up. (Local autoregulation). This affects coronary blood flow.

30
Q

blood

A 
transport of glucose
lipoproteins - fats, cholesterol, carrier proteins - transport lipids
urea - breakdown of amino acids
bilirubin - breakdown of heme
serum - lacks proteins for clotting
31
Q

Chylomicrons

A

lipoproteins that PACKAGE fats, which enter lymphatic vessels in the intestinal wall called LACTEALS (draining into large vein in the neck, THORACIC duct). FAT BYPASS THE HEPATIC VEIN.

lipemia

chylomicrons are taken up by liver and converted to another lipoprotein, which carries fats to adipocytes for storage

adipocyte triglycerides are HYDROLYZED to release free fatty acids released in the bloodstream. they pass through capillary pores

32
Q

Albumin

A

too large to fit through clefts, remains in capillaries and keeps water in the blood

33
Q

pulmonary edema

A

Increased blood pressure, fluid is forced out of capillaries into surrounding tissues

34
Q

pulmonary edema

A

Increased blood pressure, fluid is forced out of capillaries into surrounding tissues

35
Q

surfactant

A

REDUCES surface tension (Type II alveolar cell)

36
Q

partial pressure

A

portion of total pressure due to a particular gas

37
Q

hyperventilation

A

INCREASES pH, while acidosis occurs with depressed respiration

38
Q

lymphatic system

A

suction

WATER, PROTEINS, and Leukocytes

lympahtic ducts form the THORACIC duct

39
Q

lymph nodes

A

millions of WBCs

PR - Big book (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions