10.1 Flashcards
H2Guanine
“Guanine is GeronimO driving a H2 Hummer”
Thymine - “Ooo, Thymine” (waves hand)
Waving hand at thymine
Uracil/uridine
bonds with Adenine
UT
uridine = nucleoside
cytosine/cytidine
CytiDine = D - DUAL = nucleoside; also: deoxycytidine
CytoSINE = nitrogenous base!
thymine/thymidine
- DINE = nucleoside
- MINE - nitrogenous base
adenine/adenosine
guanine/guanosine
ADENINE = nitrogenous base adenosine = NUCELOSIDE
AG pure = S is nucleoside
dNTP (name the four types)
deoxy NUCLEOSIDE TriPhosphate
dATP
dGTP
dTTP
dCTP
hydrolysis of pyrophosphate
HIGH-ENERGY anhydride linkage
like a wound-up spring
deltaG* = -7 kCal/mol (but deltaG is even lower)
the negative charges repel each other strongly
orthophosphate (phosphate) has resonance forms thus lower free energy than linked phosphates; also orthophosphate has favorable interactions with solvent (water)
UTP
activate glucose-1-P in glycogenesis
GTP
protein synthesis
nucleoside and the linkage between carbon and nitrogen
ribose (or deoxyribose) with NB linked to 1 carbon in a BETA-N-glycosidic linkage
nucleotides
ATP: Adenosine Tri Phosphate
DNA is right/left-handed
RIGHT-HANDED double helix
van der waals interactions between bases
ratio of purines to pyrimidines is ALWAYS 50:50
50:50
DNA gyrase
enzyme in prokaryotes that creates twisted SUPERCOILS
histone
a PROTEIN
multiple histones called a bead, NUCLEOSOME (8 beads)
Fully packed DNA = chromatin
HETEROCHROMATIN = DENSER dark regions, full of repeats
EUCHROMATIN - less dense, lighter regions = HIGHER GENE ACTIVITY (“Euuuw they’re so productive”)
p q
p = pequeno (short arm)
Metacentric (medium), submetacentric, acrocentric, telocentric
centromere and kinetochore (multi-protein complexes that anchor the spindle fibers)
telomere
5’-TTAGGG-3’
single-stranded for 300 bps at the very end
telomere cap proteins distinguish telomeres from ds breaks
telomere = disposable buffer
prokaryotes = circular DNA = NO TELOMERES
hnRNA
first transcript, HETEROGENOUS nuclear RNA
heterogenous = mixed with introns and exons
add cap and tail, splice => mature mRNA
ONLY FOUND IN EUKARYOTES (prokaryotes do NOT process their RNA)
non-coding RNA
tRNA, rRNA, snRNA, miRNA (microRNA), siRNA
rRNA - MAJOR COMPONENT of ribosome
Humans have 4 types of rRNA (18S, 5.8S, 28S, 5S)
catalytic RNAs (ribozymes) are like enzymes
small interfering RNA and miRNA function in RNA interference (RNAi), which is POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL regulation of gene expression (“MI SI post-transcriptional regulation”)
small nuclear RNA = 150 nucleotides, associate with proteins to form snRNP (small nuclear ribonucleic particles) in the SPLICING! Sniper splices
Q: alternative splicing
choosing exons
exon shuffling - exons from different genes (recombination or transposon)
nesting of genes - exons of 1 gene are in the intron of a separate gene
interruption - introns INTERRUPT the whole gene
methylated DNA
higher melting point because reduced electrostatic repulsion
