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1. Anatomy and Physiology > 9. Vertebral column and bony thorax > Flashcards

9. Vertebral column and bony thorax Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the vertebral column?

five

A
  1. Forms the trunk of the skeleton with ribs and sternum
  2. Provides flexible movement
  3. Encloses and protects the spinal cord
  4. Supports the head
  5. Provides attachment for ribs, pelvis and back muscles
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2
Q

How many vertebrae are there in total in a fetus? How many vertebrae in each section?

A

33 vertebrae
7 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 lumbar
5 saccral
4 cocygeal

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3
Q

How many vertebrae are there in total in an adult? How many vertebrae in each section?

A

26 vertebrae
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
1 sacrum
1 coccyx

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4
Q

What is having 6 lumbar vertebrae called?

A

Lumbarization

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5
Q

How should the spine look in an AP and PA

A

Straight

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6
Q

How many curves does a fetus have?

A

1 curve

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7
Q

At how many months does an infant start to hold their head and the cervical spine changes?

A

3 months

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8
Q

When an infant starts to sit up and walk, what part of the spine changes?

A

Lumbar curve changes

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9
Q

What is the cervical curve called?

A

Lordotic curve

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10
Q

What is the thoracic curve called?

A

Kyphotic curve

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11
Q

What is the lumbar curve called?

A

Lordotic curve

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12
Q

What is the pelvic curve called?

A

Kyphotic curve

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13
Q

What are the primary curves? What type of curve are primary curves?

A

Throcic and sacrum, coccyx
-They are kyphotic curves

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14
Q

What ussually happens to the spine during pregnancy?

A

Increased lordotic curve and kyphotic curve

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15
Q

What are the secondary curves? What classification of curves are secondary curves?

A

Cervical and lumbar
-Lordotic curves

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16
Q

When do secondary curves develop?

A

When you gain weight and the body changes

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17
Q

Why do we image using the left lateral?

A

Easier to position the right lateral due to the position of the table

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18
Q

What are the 3 abnormal curves?

A
  1. Kyphosis
  2. Lordosis
  3. Scoliosis
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19
Q

What is kyphosis and where does it occur?

A

-It is an exaggeration of the abnormal kyphotic curve only in the thoracic regoin (adults)
-Common in elderly women

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20
Q

What is lordosis and where does it occur?

A

-An exaggeration of the normal lordotic curve
-Occurs in the cervical and lumbar spines

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21
Q

What is scolliosis and where does it occur?

A

-An abnormal lateral curve of the spine
-Rotation of the vertebrae to the convex side of the curve

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22
Q

What is the weight-bearing part of the vertebrae?

A

The vertebral body

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23
Q

What is the vertebral body seperated by?

A

IV discs

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24
Q

What is the vertebral body bounded by?

A

Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments

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25
Q

What is the vertebral body made of and surrounded by?

A

-Majority is made of spongy bone that contains red bone marrow
-Surrounded by a thin layer of compact bone

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26
Q

Where does the vertebral arch project?

A

Projects posteriorly from the body

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27
Q

Where are the 2 pedicals located on the vertebrae?

A

The vertebral arch

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28
Q

Where are the vertebral notches located?

A

On the inferior and superior surfaces of the the vertebral arch

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29
Q

What forms the intervertebral foramina?

A

The vertebral notches

Superior and inferior

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30
Q

Where does the spinal nerves enter and exist?

A

From the intervertebral foramina

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31
Q

Where are the 2 laminae located?

Where do they unite?

A

Continue from the pedicles on the vertebral arch and unite posteriorly

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32
Q

Where does the spinal cord pass through?

A

vertebral foramen

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33
Q

What are the processes that come off the vertebral arch?

4

A
  1. Two superior articular processes
  2. Two inferior articular processes
  3. Two transverse processes
  4. One spinous process
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34
Q

Where are the

A
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35
Q

Where is the two transverse processes located?

A

Roughly where the pedicle and laminae meet

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36
Q

Where is the spinous process located?

A

Posteriorly at the union of the laminae

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37
Q

What are the two parts of the IV discs?

A
  1. Annulus fibrosus
  2. Nucleus pulposus
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38
Q

What is the annulus fibrosus?

A

Outer fibrous,strong ring located in the IV discs

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39
Q

Where are herniated discs located?

A

any part of the spine but primarily the lumbar

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40
Q

What is the nucleus pulposus?

A

A soft, highly elastic structure located in the IV discs that allows compression

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41
Q

Where do the IV discs start and end in relation to the vertebrae?

A

Start at C2/3 to L5/S1

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42
Q

How much of the IV discs contribute to the height of the vertebral column

A

25%

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43
Q

What are the types of vertebral joints?

A
  1. IV discs
  2. Zygapophyseal joints
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44
Q

What is the zygapophyseal joints function?

A

To permit movement

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45
Q

What does the zygapophyseal joints arise from?

A

The articulations between the superior and inferior articular process of adjacent vertebrae

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46
Q

What is a herniated disc?

A

-A pinched nerve and a slipped disk

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47
Q

What is the name of C1

A

Atlas

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48
Q

What is the name of C2

A

Axis

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49
Q

What is the name C7?

A

Vertebral prominence

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50
Q

What are the atypical vertebrae?

A

C1, 2, 7

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51
Q

What are the typical vertbrae of the cervical spine?

A

C3-C6

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52
Q

What cervical spine has no body or spinous process?

A

The atlas

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53
Q

What part of the spine has the largest vertebral foramina of all vertebrae? What is that called?

A

-The cervical spine
-Called the cervical enlargment of the spinal cord

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54
Q

What cervical spine are bifid and short?

A

The spinous process of C2 to C6

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55
Q

Where does the transverse process arise from on the cervical spine?

A

Each transverse process arises from the pedicle and the body

Rather than the pedicle/lamina junction

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56
Q

What do the articular pillars/lateral masses of the cervical spine form?

A

The zygapophyseal joints

57
Q

Where are the articular pillars located on the cervical spine?

A

Between the superior and inferior articular processes of the same vertebra

The mass of bone between the articular facets is called the articular pillar.

58
Q

Where are the zygapophyseal joints located on the cerivcal spine?

A

Between adjacent articular pillars

Should be open on a true lateral

59
Q

Where is the intervertebral formina located?

In cervical spine

A

Opens anteior 45 degrees to the midsaggital plane and projected 15 degrees inferiorly

60
Q

How do you demonstrate the right intervertebral formaina? Of cervical vertebrae

A

LPO 45 degree position with a 15 degree cephalad angle

61
Q

What the 2 arches of C1?

A
  1. Anterior arch
  2. Posterior arch
62
Q

What forms the atlanto-occipiatal joint and what motion does it permit?

A

-The superioro articular process
-Permits the motion of “YES”

63
Q

What forms the atlato-axial joint?

A

The infeior articular processes articulating with C2

64
Q

What charectoristics does C7 have?

A

-Is non bifid
-Has a spinous process (single point)
-Useful external landmark

65
Q

What part of the rib articulates with the transverse process?

A

The tubercle

66
Q

What does the head of the 5th rib articulate with?

A

The superior demifaucet of T5 and inferior demifaucet of T4

67
Q

What thoracic vertebrae resemble cervical?

A

Upper bodies of T 1-4 resemble cervical

68
Q

What thoracic vertebrae resemble lumbar vertebrae?

A

Lower bodies of T 9-12 resemble lumbar

69
Q

Describe the charectoristics of thoracic spinous processes:

A

-Long
-Project inferiorly

70
Q

Describe the charectoristics of the transverse processes on thoracic verebrae and describe the location:

A

Transverse processes are large and are at the junction of the pedicle and the lamina

71
Q

What vertebrae are the first to attach to the ribs?

A

The thoracic vertebrae

72
Q

What are the two articulations (joints) that are formed by the thoracic vertebrae?

A
  1. Costovertebral joints
  2. Costotransverse joints
73
Q

Where does the head of the rib articulate with on the throacic vertebrae?

ie; superior, inferior

A

The posterolateral part on vertebral body

74
Q

Define a whole faucet:

A

If the head of the rib only articulates with one body

Thoracic vertebrae

75
Q

Describe a demifacet:

A

(Half faucet)-if the head of the rib articulates with 2 vertebral bodies

76
Q

On the superior aspect of T1, what type of facet is present?

A

Whole faucet

77
Q

On the inferior aspect of T1, what type of facet is present?

A

Demifacet

78
Q

On the superior aspect of T2-T8, what type of facet is present?

A

Demifacet

79
Q

On the inferior aspect of T2-T8, what type of facet is present?

A

Demifacet

80
Q

On the superior aspect of T9, what type of facet is present?

A

Demifacet

81
Q

On the inferior aspect of T9, what type of facet is present?

A

None

82
Q

On the superior aspect of T10-12, what type of facet is present?

A

Whole facet

83
Q

On the inferior aspect of T10-T12, what type of facet is present?

A

None

84
Q

What does the head of the rib articulate with on the thoracic vertebrae? What kind of joint is this?

A

Head of rib articulates with the posterolateral part on the vertebral body-forms the costovertebral joints

85
Q

What does the tubercle of the rib articulate with on the thoracic vertebrae? What kind of joint does this form?

A

Tubercle of rib articulates with the transverese process of verebrae T1 to T10

Forms costovertebral joint

86
Q

What structure is demonstrated clearly on a true lateral of the thoracic vertebrae?

A

The intervertebral formaina

87
Q

What are the zygapophyseal joints made up of in the thoracic vertebrae?

A

Superior and inferior proccesses of adjacent vertebrae

88
Q

What angle are the zygapophyseal joints at from a true lateral position?

In cervical spine

A

At a steep oblique (15 degrees from true lateral)

89
Q

What section of vertebrae is the largest, and which vertebrae specifically is the biggest?

A

Lumbar, L5

89
Q

What position of the body demonstrates the left and right zygapophyseal joints of thoracic vertebrae:

A
  1. LAO, 75 degree oblique demonstrates the L side
  2. LPO, 75 degree oblique demonstrates the right side
90
Q

Describe the location of the pars interarticularis: How many do we have?

A

Part of the lamina that is located between the superior and inferior articular processes of the same vertebrae in lumbar spine
-2 on each vertebra

91
Q

Where does the spinal cord end, and what is located after the spinal cord?

A

Spinal cord ends at the disc between L1 and L2 and continues as the spinal nerves

92
Q

Describe the characteristics of the spinous process and the transverse processes of the Lumbar vertebrae

A

Spinous processes: Thick, blunt, and project horizontally
Transverse processes: Smaller compared to thoracic

93
Q

Describe the characteristics of the bodies of the Lumbar vertebrae:

A

-Concave and project anteriorly and laterally
-Deeper (bigger) anteriorly compared to posteriorly

94
Q

What is the function of the lumbar vertebrae?

A

Compensates for more weight

95
Q

What is spondylolysis?

A

A fracture of the pars interarticularis

96
Q

What is Spondylolisthesis?

A

Bilateral spondylolysis

and slipped vertebrae

97
Q

What is the intervertebral foramen formed by in Lumbar vertebrae and what position is it best seen on?

A

Formed by the superior and inferior vertebral notch of adjacent vertebra, and best seen on a lateral projection

98
Q

What angle is the zygapophyseal joints located at in the Lumbar vertebrae? How much should you rotate the patient?

A

30-50 degrees from midsagittal plane, and you should rotate the patient an average of 45 degrees

99
Q

What body position best demonstrates the right zygapophyseal or facet joints of the Lumbar vertebrae?

A

-RPO or LAO 45 degree oblique

100
Q

What age does the sacrum fuse at and how many do we have?

A

Fuses at 16-18 and we have 5

101
Q

How do you demonstrate the right IV foramina of the C spine?

A

-LPO 45 degree oblique with a 15 degree cephalad angle
-RAO 45 degree oblique with a 15 degree caudad angle

102
Q

Which way does the sacrum curve and how do we image it?

A

Curves concave and we image by using a 15 degree cephalad angle (bisecting angle)

103
Q

What 6 structures are located on the anterior view of the sacrum?

A
  1. Base
  2. Sacral ala
  3. Sacral prominatory
  4. Two superior articular processes
  5. 4 pairs of anterior sacral foramina
  6. Apex
104
Q

What part of the sacrum articulates with the coccyx?

A

The apex

105
Q

What do the two superior articular processes articulate with in the sacrum?

A

The inferior articular processes of L5

106
Q

What is the fused transverse process of S1 called?

A

The sacral ala

107
Q

What forms the SI joint?

A

The auricular surface on the lateral edge of the sacrum and the auricular surface of the illium

108
Q

What 6 structures are located on the posterior view of the sacrum?

A
  1. Convex surface
  2. MEdian sacral crest
  3. Lateral Sacral crest
  4. Four pairs of posterior sacral foramina
  5. Sacral Hiatus
  6. Sacral cornu
109
Q

What type of spinous and transverse process does the sacrum have?

A

Fused spinous and transverse process

110
Q

Where is the sacral cornu located?

A

Adjacent to the sacral hiatus at the inferior articular process of S5

111
Q

What part of the coccyx articulates with the sacrum?

A

The base

111
Q

Where is the apex of the coccyx located?

A

At the level of the symphysis pubis

112
Q

What is the thoracic cage composed of?

A
  1. Thoracic vertebra
  2. Ribs
  3. Sternum
113
Q

What 3 things make up the sternum?

A
  1. Body
  2. Manubrium
  3. Xiphoid process
114
Q

At what age does the sternum fuse?

A

25

115
Q

What is the anterior connection for the ribs?

A

The sternum

116
Q

Does the sternum produce red bone marrow?

A

Yes

117
Q

What two notches are located on the manubrium?

A
  1. Jugular notch
  2. Clavicular notch
118
Q

Where is the jugular notch located?

In relation to the vertebrae

A

In the disc space between T2 and T3

119
Q

Where does the cartilage of the first rib attach?

A

Just below the SC joint

120
Q

What junction does the sternal angle form?

A

Forms the junction between the manubrium and the body of the sternum

121
Q

What is the landmark for the start of the aortic arch?

What part of the sternum

A

The body of the sternum

122
Q

Where is the sternal angle and which ribs attach to it?

A

Located on the body of the sternum in the disc space between T4 and T5
-Ribs 2-7 attach

123
Q

What landmark (s) are located at T10?

A
  1. Xiphoid process
  2. Bottom of heart and anterior diaphram
124
Q

How many pairs of ribs are there? Describe the position of the ribs in general:

A

-12 ribs
-Are in an oblique plane and slant anterior and inferior

125
Q

Where does the costal groove run along, and what travels through the groove?

A

Costal groove runs along the inferior surface of rib, and the artery, vein, and nerve travels through it

126
Q

Where is the anterior part of a rib located and what does it attach to? (In general)

A

Located 3-5 inches inferior to the vertebral or posterior part of the same rib and attaches to a costocartilage

127
Q

What are the 3 main parts of a typical rib?

A
  1. Vertebral end
  2. Shaft or body
  3. Sternal end
128
Q

What landmarks are located at the vertebral end of a rib?

A

-Head
-Neck
-Tubercle

129
Q

What does the head of the vertebral end of a rib articulate with?

A

The vertebral body

130
Q

What does the tubercle of the vertebral end of a rib articulate with?

A

The transverse process of vertebra

131
Q

What does the sternal end of a rib attach to?

A

Costocartilage

132
Q

What ribs are the true, false, and floating ribs?

A

True: 1-7
False: 8-12
Floating: 11-12

133
Q

What are compression fractures due to?

A

Loss of cortical bone

134
Q

What is the top of the head called?

A

The vertex

135
Q

On a 45-degree angle, where should the ZPJ be located in the lumbar spine? WHat about the Pars?

A

ZPJ: Should be directly in the middle of the vert. body
PI: Located posterior to the vertebral bodies

136
Q

Label radiographs

A

He probably will ask about these

137
Q

How do you name the thoracic vertebrae articulations with the ribs?

A

a. Participants in joint of the head of the rib
-Body of vertebrae above rib
-IV disc
-Head of rib
-Body of the vertebrae thats same as rib
b. Costotransverse joint
-Transverse process of the vertebrae of the same # as rib
-Tubercle of rib #

1. Anatomy and Physiology (10 decks)

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