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1. Anatomy and Physiology > 6. Appendicular Skeleton-Lower extremity > Flashcards

6. Appendicular Skeleton-Lower extremity Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones are there in the foot?

A

26

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2
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the foot? What bones are part of each division?

A
  1. Forefoot: Toes and metatarsals
  2. Midfoot: Cuneiforms, navicular, cuboid
  3. Hindfoot: Calcaneus and talus
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3
Q

What are the 7 tarsal bones?

A
  1. Medial cuneiform
  2. Intermediate cuneiform
  3. Lateral cuneiform
  4. Navicular
  5. Cuboid
  6. Talus
  7. Calcaneus
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4
Q

Where are the sesamoids located on the hallux

A

Posterior to the head of the metatarsal

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5
Q

What causes bunions?

A

Hallux valgus deformity

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6
Q

What are the 3 parts of the talus?

A
  1. Head
  2. Neck
  3. Talar Domes
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7
Q

What type of joint is the talus head?

A

Ball and socket

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8
Q

What do the talar domes articulate with?

A

The tibia and fibula

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9
Q

Label foot landmarks and joints

A

Just do this and then your done your studying for today

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9
Q

What is the sulcus tali on the inferior talus?

A

The groove that forms the roof of the sinus tarsi that is inferior to the neck

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10
Q

What are the 3 articular facets of the talus?

A
  1. Anterior
  2. Middle
  3. Posterior
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11
Q

What type of joint does the talus and calcaneus facets make?

A

The Subtalar joint

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12
Q

What is the calcaneal sulcus?

A

The groove (faucet) that forms the floor of the sinus tarsi

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13
Q

What is located in the medial calcaneus?

A

Sustentaculum tali

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14
Q

What are the 4 joints of the talus?

A
  1. Tibiotalar joint
  2. Fibulotalar joint
  3. Subtalar joint (talocalcaneal)
  4. Talonavicular joint
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15
Q

What are the 5 joints of the calcaneus?

A
  1. Subtalar joints (3 joints a,m,p)
  2. Calcaneonavicular joint
  3. Calcaneocuboid joint
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16
Q

What are the facets of the calcaneus?

A
  1. Anterior
  2. Middle
  3. Posterior
  4. Calcaneal sulcus
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17
Q

What are the joints of the navicular?

A
  1. Calcaneonavicular joint (tarsal coalition)
  2. Talonavicular joint
  3. Navicular cuboid joint
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18
Q

What are the joints of the cuboid?

A
  1. Calcaneocuboid joint
  2. Joint between cuboid and lateral cuneiform
  3. Joint between cuboid and navicular
  4. TMT joint
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18
Q

What does the TMT joint articulate with?

A

Cuboid, m+L+i cunieforms

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19
Q

What are the joints of the cuneiforms?

A
  1. Medial cuneiform-TMT joint with great toe
  2. Intermediate cuneiform-TMT joint with 2nd toe
  3. Lateral cuneiform-TMT joint with 3rd toe
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20
Q

What is the function of the longitudinal arches?

A

Functions as a shock absorber and provides leverage while walking

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21
Q

What are the longitudinal arches formed and strengthened by?

A

-Formed by the tarsals and metatarsals
-Strengthened by ligaments and tendons

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22
Q

What are the 2 longitudinal arches and where do they travel through?

A
  1. Medial: Originates at calcaneus, rises to the talus and descends at the heads of the first 3 metatarsals
  2. Lateral: Originates at the calcaneus, rises to cuboid and descends at the heads of the lateral 2 metatarsals
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23
Q

What bones is the transverse arch formed by?

A

-The 3 cuneiforms
-Cuboid
-Bases of 5 metatarsals

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24
Q

Which of the leg bones is the larger, medial, weight-bearing bone

A

The Tibia

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25
Q

Between the tibia and the fibula, which is the more posterior bone?

A

The Fibula

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26
Q

What three things help to support the knee?

A

Menisci, MLC, LCL

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27
Q

How much of the fibular head should be superimposed by the lateral condyle?

A

1/2 of fibular head

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28
Q

Which way does the tibial plateau slide?

A

Posteriorly

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29
Q

What are the characteristics of the two tibial condyles?

A
  1. Medial condyle:
    -Curved from anterior to posterior
  2. Lateral condyle
    -Straight from anterior to posterior
    -Facet on posterolateral surface where fibular head articulates
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30
Q

What separates the two condyles?

A

Intercondylar Eminences or tibial spines separate the condyles

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31
Q

How much does the prox tibia slide posteriorly

A

Slopes 5 degrees posteriorly

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32
Q

What happens when the menisci when they wear down?

A

You develop Osteoarthrosis

33
Q

What type of bone is the tibial tuberosity and what ligament attaches to it?

A

An apophysis, the patellar ligament attaches to it

34
Q

What side is the fibular notch on and what does it articulate with?

A

The lateral side and articulates with the distal fibula

35
Q

What overlays the proximal fibula?

A

The Anterior Tubercle

36
Q

What is the Ankle Mortise?

A

Refers to the bony arch or joint formed between the tibial plafond and malleoli

37
Q

What type of projection images the Ankle Mortise?

A

The Mortise projection

38
Q

What forms the lateral malleolus?

A

The Tibia

39
Q

What forms the medial malleolus?

A

The Tibia

40
Q

What landmarks are part of the distal tibia?

A

Medial malleolus and posterior malleolus

41
Q

What does the proximal part of the fibula articulate with and what joint does it create?

A

Articulates with lateral condyle of tibia and creates the Proximal Tib/Fib Joint

42
Q

How do you image the distal fibula and why?

A

45 degrees internally obliqued because the Lateral malleolus is 15-20 degrees more posterior compared to the medial malleolus

43
Q

What joins the trochanters anteriorly?

A

The Intertrochanteric line

44
Q

What is the ridge of bone between the trochanters posteriorly?

A

Intertrochanteric crest

45
Q

What is the ridge of bone on the posterior femur that is a site for muscle attachment?

A

Linea aspera

46
Q

What is on the head of the femur?

A

The fovea Capitis

47
Q

Which way does the neck of the femur slope?

A

Slopes 15 to 20 degrees posteriorly from pelvis

48
Q

How do you prevent foreshortening of the femoral neck

In an AP pelvis

A

Internal rotation of legs for AP pelvis

49
Q

Where is the greater trochanter?

A

Posterior lateral
At the tip of the coccyx

50
Q

Where is the lesser trochanter on an AP?

A

On a true AP pelvis, it will be posterior to femur
(Medial side of the femoral neck)

51
Q

How do you image a cross table lateral of the femur and why?

A

Come in on a 45-degree angle to the femur-this will bring you perpendicular to your femoral neck

52
Q

What landmarks are on the medial femoral condyle?

A

Adductor tubercle and medial epicondyle

53
Q

Where is the adductor tubercle?

A

Posteromedial aspect of the distal femur

54
Q

What 2 things are on the ant. lateral condyle of the femur?

A

Lateral epicondyle
Sulcus terminalis

55
Q

How are the medial and lateral condyles distally positioned to each other?

A

Medial condyle is 5 to 7 degrees more distal compared to the lateral condyle

56
Q

How do you angle a mediolateral knee?

A

5 to 7 degrees cephalad for a mediolateral knee

57
Q

What is on the ant surface of the distal femur and what does it articulate with?

A

Trochlear groove and articulates with the patella

58
Q

What is on the posterior side of the femur?

(distal)

A

Intercondylar Notch/fossa/tunnel

59
Q

What is the purpose of the Intercondylar Notch/fossa/tunnel?

A

A place for ACL and PCL to get across

60
Q

What is on the base of the pattella?

A

Quadricep tendon

61
Q

What is on the apex of the patella and how is it positioned to the tibiofemoral joint?

A

Patellar ligament
½” or 1.25 cm proximal to tibiofemoral joint space

62
Q

What are the 3 main bones of the pelvis?

A

Ilium
Ischium
Pubis

63
Q

What is the purpose of the pelvic bones?

A

-Connects lower extremity to the axial skeleton
-Protects reproductive organs, lower GI tract, bladder
-Provides a strong support for the trunk

64
Q

What is on the ant surface of the illium?

A

ASIS
AIIS

65
Q

What is on the posterior aspect of the ilium?

A

PSIS
PIIS
Greater Sciatic Notch
Sciatic nerve

66
Q

What forms the superior portion (40% of acetabulum)

A

The ilium

67
Q

What is the arcuate line’s purpose?

A

-Separates ala from body
-Forms part of the pelvic brim
-Extends from auricular surface to pubis

68
Q

What forms the 40% of the posterior acetabulum?

A

The ischium

69
Q

Where is the intertrochanter line?

A

JOins the trochanters anteriorly

70
Q

How do you get rid of foreshortening of the illium?

for AP

A

Internally rotate the feet 15-20 degrees

71
Q

What makes up the body of the pubis?

A

-The inferior and superior rami join
-The pubic crest
-The pubic tubercle

72
Q

Where does the pectineal line travel?

A

Along the sup. pubic ramus and meets the arcuate line of illium

73
Q

What does the inf. pubic ramus connect to?

A

The ischial ramus and pubic arch

74
Q

What is the view called for the acetabulum and how do you image for this?

A

Judet-Oblique the pelvis 45 degrees

75
Q

What is the pelvic brim?

A

The boundary line that separates the true pelvis from the false pelvis

76
Q

Where is the true and false pelvis?

A

False: Sup. to pelvic brim
True: Inferior to pelvic brim and has an inlet and outlet

77
Q

What is the inlet view?

A

The entrance to the the true pelvis and follows the pelvic brim

78
Q

What is the outlet view?

How do you measure AP

A

Inferior opening of the true pelvis-from tip of coccyx to inf margin of pub. symph.

79
Q

How do you image the inlet view and what determines the width?

A

Angle the tube caudad, and the 2 arcuate lines determine the width

80
Q

How do you image the outlet view?

A

15-30 degrees cephalad

81
Q

How do you measure the pelvic inlet?

A

AP: Sacral prominatroy to pubic crest
Horizontally: Between arcuate lines

82
Q

How do you measure the pelvic outlet?

A

AP: Tip of coccyx to pubic symphysis
Horizontally: Ishial tuberosities

1. Anatomy and Physiology (10 decks)

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