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Biology > 9 Transport in animals > Flashcards

9 Transport in animals Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Circulatory system

A

A system of blood vessels with a pump (the heart) and valves to ensure one-way flow of blood.

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2
Q

Blood

A

A fluid tissue consisting of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.

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3
Q

The circulatory system consists of:

A

a pump (the heart) to keep the blood moving
blood vessels to carry blood
valves to make sure that the blood flows in one direction only.

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4
Q

Heart

A

The pump in a circulatory system.

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5
Q

Blood vessels

A

Tubes through which the blood flows.

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6
Q

Valves

A

Structures which permit the flow of blood in one direction only.

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7
Q

Oxygenated

A

Describes blood or other substance containing high levels of oxygen.

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8
Q

Deoxygenated

A

Describes blood or other substance containing no, or low levels, of oxygen.

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9
Q

Single circulation

A

Fish have a simple circulatory system in which the blood flows from the heart to the gills for oxygenation, and from the gills to the rest of the body. As the blood flows through the heart only once, it is known as single circulation. Figure 1 shows the circulatory system in fish.

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10
Q

Double circulation

A

Humans and other mammals exhibit double circulation in which the blood flows through the heart twice.
The blood follows two circuits in double circulation:
In the first (shorter) circuit, the blood flows from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation and then back to the heart.
In the second (longer) circuit, the blood flows from the heart to the other parts of the body and then back to the heart.

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11
Q

Metabolism

A

All the chemical reactions that happen inside living cells, including respiration.

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12
Q

The advantages of double circulation

A

The heart applies sufficient pressure to move the blood around the circulatory system. In general, the higher the pressure:
the greater the flow of blood
the further the blood can travel in the body.
This is important for mammals, many of which are much larger than most fish and have a greater rate of metabolism.

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13
Q

Septum

A

The structure that separates the two sides of the heart. The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The blood is oxygenated in the lungs and returns to the heart. The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood out to the body.

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14
Q

Atrium

A

An upper chamber of the heart.

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15
Q

Ventricle

A

A lower chamber of the heart.

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16
Q

Arteries

A

The thick-walled blood vessel carries blood away from the heart. Flexible tissue relatively small lumen and no valves

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17
Q

Veins

A

Type of thin-walled blood vessel that carries blood to the heart. HAs large lumens and valves to prevent blood from flowing back.

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18
Q

The two types of valves

A

A semilunar valve is found at an exit of the heart.
An atrioventricular valve is found between an atrium and a ventricle

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19
Q

Heart muscle

A

When cardiac muscle (heart muscle) contracts, it squeezes the blood into an atrium, ventricle or blood vessel.
The walls of the ventricles are thicker than the walls of the atria.
The left ventricle walls are thicker than the right ventricle walls.

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20
Q

Reasons for the difference in muscle walls

A

The different thickness of the heart chamber walls is due to the differences in the amount of force each chamber must generate. A thick wall contains more cardiac muscle and so can produce more force.

The atria must only pump blood into the ventricles. However, the ventricles must pump blood out of the heart to the lungs and the body, so they need to generate more force.

The right ventricle only pumps blood to the lungs. However, the left ventricle has to pump blood all the way to the top of the head (against gravity) and to the end of the toes (a greater distance), so it needs to generate more force.

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21
Q

The activity of the heart may be monitored by:

A

electrocardiogram (ECG)
listening to the sounds of valves closing
determining the pulse rate.

22
Q

ECG (electrocardiogram)

A

A graph that shows the electrical activity of the heart.

23
Q

Measuring pulse rate

A

regular beats allowing for exercise or activity. At rest should be about 75 bpm

24
Q

Heart sounds

A

caused by valves closing, leaking valves make the sound less clear

25
Q

The heart pumping

A
  1. Blood flows from veins into the atria.
  2. The atria contract, pushing blood into the ventricles. The fall in pressure in the atria causes the atrioventricular valves to close.
  3. The ventricles contract, pushing blood into arteries. The fall in pressure in the ventricles causes the semilunar valves to close.
26
Q

Pulse

A

Regular movement under the skin is caused by the expansion and relaxation of an artery during a heartbeat.

27
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Chemical reactions in cells in which nutrient molecules are broken down using oxygen to release energy.

28
Q

Coronary artery

A

Blood vessels that branch from the aorta to supply blood to the heart. Coronary arteries supply blood to the heart itself. They divide into branches that surround

29
Q

Coronary heart disease

A

Caused by Blocked arteries

30
Q

Blocked arteries

A

If a coronary artery gets blocked, the cardiac muscles that depend on it cannot produce enough energy for contraction. As a result, this heart muscle will be damaged and may die because of the loss of blood supply. Coronary heart disease (CHD) refers to the disease that arises when the coronary arteries are unable to supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscles due to blockages in them.

31
Q

Risk factors for CHD

A

age
diet
genetic predisposition (whether or not there is a family history of CHD)
gender
smoking
stress.

32
Q

Preventing and treating CHD

A

Diet and exercise
Eating a diet rich in animal fat and cholesterol, and high in salt, increases the chances of getting coronary heart disease (CHD) . In order to reduce the risk, the advice is to consume a diet with a wide variety of foods, containing oils from plants and fish, while reducing the amount of animal fat.

Being extremely overweight increases the risk of several forms of heart disease, including CHD. Although genetic inheritance does play a role in explaining obesity, you can help keep your coronary arteries in good condition by keeping your body mass at a suitable level and taking regular exercise. This can reduce your chances of developing CHD as it prevents excessive weight gain and decreases blood pressure. In addition, exercising also improves your mental health by making you feel good and optimistic about life in general. Your overall sense of wellbeing helps you to resolve issues in your life and reduces stress (another possible risk factor for CHD).

33
Q

Cappilary

A

The smallest type of blood vessel; thin walls allow substances to be easily exchanged with the surrounding tissues. Carries blood to and from tissues as well as nutrients

34
Q

How does the circulatory system work

A

Organ: Heart
To organ: pulmonary vein (from lungs), vena cava (from the body)
From organ: pulmonary artery (to lungs), aorta (to the body)

Organ: lung
To organ: pulmonary artery
From organ: pulmonary vein

Organ: kidney
To organ: renal artery
From organ: renal vein

Organ: Liver
To organ: hepatic artery
From organ: hepatic vein

From Stomach and intestines To liver: hepatic portal vein

35
Q

Blood contains the following components

A

plasma
platelets
red blood cells
white blood cells

36
Q

Plasma

A

A fluid in which the blood cells and platelets are suspended, and which contains dissolved ions, proteins, glucose and amino acids.

37
Q

Platelets

A

Cell fragments that help in the clotting of blood.

38
Q

Red blood cells

A

Type of animal cell that contains haemoglobin, and which transports oxygen around the body.

39
Q

White blood cells

A

A plasmid containing a foreign gene or sequence of DNA.
Detect and deal with infections or foreign molecules that enter your body

40
Q

Immune system

A

Organ system, tissues and cells involved in protecting the body against infection by pathogens.

41
Q

Pathogen

A

A disease-causing agent such as a virus or a bacterium.

42
Q

Antibodies

A

A protein produced in the immune system that attaches to antigens carried by disease-causing organisms.

43
Q

Phagocytes

A

A type of white blood cell which can perform phagocytosis.

Phagocytosis is a process wherein a cell binds to the item it wants to engulf on the cell surface and draws the item inward while engulfing around it.

44
Q

Lymphocytes

A

A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies.
Produce antibodies that are used to attack invading bacteria, viruses, and toxins.

45
Q

Blood clot

A

Process by which blood turns from liquid to a gel, plugging the blood vessels at the site of a wound and stopping blood loss. the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin to form a mesh.

46
Q

How blood clotting happens

A

The site of injury has a damaged blood vessel. This damage leads to an accumulation of platelets, which become activated. These activated platelets stick to each other and to the site of the injury, forming a kind of temporary plug. The platelets trigger a series of complex reactions at the site of injury by releasing various substances.

47
Q

Formation of a blood clot

A

Blood plasma contains a soluble protein called fibrinogen.
Fibrinogen circulates in the body in an inactive form.
The substances released by the activated platelets at an injury site convert the soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin.
The fibrin comes together in threads to form a mesh around the site of injury.
This mesh traps the red blood cells and platelets, forming a blood clot.
The blood clot dries, forming a dry, rough, protective crust called a scab. Under the scab, healing takes place.

48
Q

Role of Blood

A

Flameostasis
Maintenance of body temp
or of body ph levels
Around cells - maintenance of osmosis pressure
Maintenance of glucose levels
Transport

49
Q

Plasma transports

A

blood cells
soluble nutrients e.g. glucose (products of digestion) from the small intestine to the organs
amino acids (plasma acts as a pool for amino acids for these cannot be stored in the body)
plasma proteins that are important in blood clotting (e.g. fibrinogen).
CO2 (waste gas produced by respiration in cells) from the organs to lungs
Other wastes of digestion (e.g. urea) from the liver to the kidneys.
Antibodies and antitoxins
Hormones
Ions
Heat from the liver and muscles to all parts of the body.

50
Q

Arterioles

A

Small arteries leading to capillaries.

Biology (21 decks)

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