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Biology > 14 Coordination and response > Flashcards

14 Coordination and response Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Stimulus

A

(plural: stimuli) A change in the environment that can be detected by an organism.

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2
Q

Nervous system

A

An organ system consisting of the brain, spinal cord and neurones. It responds quickly to changes inside and outside of the body.

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3
Q

Neurone

A

A neurone is a specialised cell that transmits electrical nerve impulses.

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4
Q

(CNS)

A

the brain and spinal cord, which form the central nervous system (CNS). The CNS is responsible for coordinating all reactions and nervous communication around the body.

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5
Q

PNS

A

nerves in the other parts, which form the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The PNS is responsible for transmitting the impulses from the CNS to all parts of the body.

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6
Q

There are three main types of neurone:

A

sensory neurones
relay neurones
motor neurones.

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7
Q

Sensory neurone

A

Nerve cell that carries nerve impulses from a receptor to the spinal cord.

Sensory neurones can be long because they may need to transmit nerve impulses from receptors in distant parts of the body towards the spinal cord.

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8
Q

Relay neurone

A

Nerve cell in the spinal cord that carries nerve impulses from a sensory neurone to motor neurones, coordinating a response to a stimulus.

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9
Q

Motor neurone

A

Nerve cell that carries nerve impulses from the spinal cord to an effector.

Motor neurones can be long because they may need to transmit nerve impulses from the spinal cord to distant parts of the body.

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10
Q

Synapse

A

The junction between two neurones.

It allows an impulse to travel from an axon terminal of one neurone to a dendrite in another neurone.

This means that, although neurones are not physically connected to each other, impulses may travel the length of the body.

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11
Q

Axon Terminal

A

The end of an axon in a neurone that releases neurotransmitters from vesicles into the synaptic gap.

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12
Q

Dendrite

A

Further branches at the end of dendrons in a neurone that receive signals from other neurones via the synapse.

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13
Q

How synapses work

A

Axon terminals contain many tiny, bubble-like structures called vesicles.
These contain substances called neurotransmitters.
Dendrites have receptor molecules that can bind with these neurotransmitters.

  1. Vesicles release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft (also called the synaptic gap).
  2. The neurotransmitters travel across the gap by diffusion.
  3. The neurotransmitters bind with receptor molecules on the dendrite of the right-hand neurone.
  4. A nerve impulse is triggered in this neurone.
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14
Q

Reflex action

A

A means of automatically and rapidly integrating and coordinating stimuli with the responses of effectors (muscles and glands).

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15
Q

Reflex actions are:

A

Automatic (you do not have to think about what to do)
Rapid (they happen very quickly)
Innate (you do not need to learn how to do them).

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16
Q

Reflex arc

A

Pathway through the body that brings about a reflex action.
receptor → sensory neurone → relay neurone → motor neurone → effector

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17
Q

Receptors

A

In the nervous system, a cell that detects a stimulus.
In the hormonal system, a protein on the outside of a cell that can bind to a hormone, causing a response inside the cell.

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18
Q

Effector

A

In the nervous system, a muscle or gland that produces a response to a stimulus.

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19
Q

sense organ

A

A group of receptor cells that respond to a specific stimulus.

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20
Q

Iris

A

A coloured ring of muscles that controls the size of the pupil in the eye.

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21
Q

Pupil

A

The hole in the iris at the front of the eye that allows light to enter.

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22
Q

Cornea

A

transparent outer layer
refracts light, focusing it towards the retina

23
Q

Lens

A

Transparent rounded structure
refracts light, focusing it onto the retina

24
Q

Optic nerve

A

Bundle of neurones
Carries nerve impulses from the retina to the brain

25
Q

Blind spot

A

Area at the back of the retina where the optic nerve enters the eye that contains no light-sensitive cells

26
Q

Pupil reflex

A

Reflex action in the aye that controls the amount of light entering the pupil, controlled by the radial and circular muscles of the iris working antagonistically.

27
Q

Antagonistic pupil reflex

A

In dim light, the pupil dilates, letting more light into the eye. To make this happen, the radial muscles contract and the circular muscles relax.

In bright light, the pupil constricts, letting less light into the eye. To make this happen, the radial muscles relax and the circular muscles contract.

28
Q

Accommodation

A

Changes in the ciliary muscles, suspensory ligaments and lens allow the eye to focus on distant and near objects.

29
Q

Distant objects
To focus this light onto the retina:

A

The ciliary muscles relax
The tension in the suspensory ligaments increases
The lens becomes thinner
light is refracted less strongly.

30
Q

Near objects
To focus this light onto the retina:

A

The ciliary muscles contract
The tension in the suspensory ligaments decreases
The lens becomes thicker
light is refracted more strongly.

31
Q

Rods

A

Light-sensitive cells in the retina responsible for vision in dim light.Located a bit further away from the fovea

32
Q

Cone

A

Light-sensitive cells in the retina responsible for colour vision. Located in the fovea

33
Q

Fovea

A

Central part of the retina where the cones are concentrated.

34
Q

Hormone

A

A substance, produced by a gland and carried by the blood, which alters the activity of one or more specific target organs.

35
Q

Gland

A

An organ that creates and secretes hormones.

36
Q

Endocrine system

A

A system of glands that secrete hormones that help to regulate body functions.

37
Q

Glands and the hormones they produce

A

adrenal gland: adrenaline
pancreas: insulin glucagon
ovary: oestrogen
testis: testosterone

38
Q

Glucagon

A

which is secreted by the pancreas, stimulates the breakdown of stored glycogen, releasing more glucose into the blood.

39
Q

Adrenaline

A

A hormone secreted by the adrenal gland that causes the ‘fight or flight’ response.

40
Q

Insulin

A

The hormone that stimulates the liver to turn glucose into glycogen.

41
Q

Oestrogen

A

The main female sex hormone. It plays a major role in the control of the menstrual cycle.

42
Q

Testosterone

A

The main male sex hormone. It plays a key role in the primary and secondary sexual systems in males.

43
Q

Compared with nervous control, hormonal control is:

A

slower
longer lasting.

44
Q

Effects of adrenaline

A

Pulse rate increases:
You can feel your heart beating harder and faster Muscles receive more blood, containing glucose

Breathing rate increases:
You may begin panting, even at rest
More oxygen is added to the blood and more carbon dioxide is removed, so cells can respire more quickly

Liver cells convert glycogen to glucose:
More glucose is available for respiration in muscle cells

45
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment in the body.

body temperature
the concentration of glucose in the blood
water levels.

46
Q

Negative feedback

A

A response which is the reverse of the change detected.
A mechanism to increase the level of something if it gets too low
A mechanism to reduce the level of something if it gets too high

47
Q

Structure of the skin

A

Hair
Sweat gland/ duct
Hair erector muscle
Thermal receptor
Blood vessels
Sensory neurones
Fatty tissue

48
Q

The mechanisms to control body temperature include:

A

If the temperature rises
Sweating, Flat hair, Vasodilation
If the temperature falls.
Shivering, Erect hair, Vasoconstriction

49
Q

Control of blood glucose levels

A

high glucose levels, insulin is released by the pancreas causing the liver to covert glucose to glycogen and stored

low glucose levels, glucagon is released by the pancreas causing the liver to converted glycogen into glucose

50
Q

Gravitropism

A

A response in which parts of a plant grow towards or away from gravity.

51
Q

Phototropism

A

A response in which parts of a plant grow towards or away from the direction of light.

52
Q

Trophism

A

A response by a plant to a stimulus.

53
Q

Auxin

A

Plant hormone that affects the rate of elongation in shoots and roots, causing tropisms in response to stimuli.

Auxin is only produced in the tip of a growing shoot (or root). It diffuses from the tip into the rest of the shoot.
When the source of light is directly overhead, auxin is distributed equally on all sides of the shoot

Biology (21 decks)

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