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Biology > 1 Characteristics and classification of living organisms > Flashcards

1 Characteristics and classification of living organisms Flashcards

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1
Q

The 5 Kingdoms

A

Animal; Plant; Fungi; Prokaryote; Protoctists

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2
Q

The Taxonomy System

A

Kingdom; Phylum; Class; Order; Family; Genus; Species

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3
Q

Movement

A

An action made by an organism/part of an organism that causes a change in position or place

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4
Q

Respiration

A

Chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules + releases energy for metabolism

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5
Q

Sensitivity

A

The ability to detect change in the stimuli in the internal/external environment in order to make appropriate responses

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6
Q

Growth

A

A permanent change in size + mass by increase in cell no./size/both in the organism

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7
Q

Reproduction

A

The processes that make more of the same type of organism

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8
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

One parent giving birth to offspring; usually identical to parent

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9
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

Two parent organisms producing gametes which fuse to give birth to offspring.

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10
Q

Variation

A

Offspring are not identical to parents/each other (sexual reproduction)

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11
Q

Excretion

A

Removal from organisms of waste products in metabolism (chemical reaction in cells including respiration), toxic materials and substances that are in excess of requirement

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12
Q

Nutrition

A

Taking in materials for energy; growth; cell repair: Plants: light/CO2/H2O/ions; Animals: organic compounds/ions/(usually) H2O

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13
Q

Species

A

Group of organisms that can reproduce to make fertile offspring

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14
Q

What’s the largest grouping?

A

Kingdom

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15
Q

What’s the smallest grouping?

A

Species

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16
Q

Each kingdom are subdivided into…

A

Phyla

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17
Q

Binomial system

A

An internationally agreed system upon the scientific name of an organism is made up of 2 parts (genus/species)

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18
Q

Genus

A

Group of species that are closely related but don’t w/ interbreed each other

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19
Q

Why is classification so important?

A

To sort out (a lot of) living organisms to groups

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20
Q

Morphology

A

Outward appearance

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21
Q

Anatomy

A

Internal structure

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22
Q

Classification systems aim to…

A

Reflect on evolutionary relationships

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23
Q

What do scientists also study to classify organisms?

A

DNA; Structure of Proteins; Sequence of Bases in DNA

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24
Q

What are more accurate methods to classify organisms?

A

Studying sequences of amino acids; Sequence of Bases in DNA

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25
Q

Organisms which share more recent ancestors have…

A

base sequences in DNA that are more similar than those that only share a distant relative

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26
Q

All living organisms are made up of…

A

Cell Membrane; Cytoplasm; DNA

27
Q

Ribosomes (are in the cytoplasm)

A

Carries out protein synthesis + enzymes that are involved in processes like respiration

28
Q

Prokaryotic

A

Cells of bacteria that don’t have nuclei

29
Q

Eukaryotic

A

Cells that have nuclei

30
Q

Animal Kingdom - Vertebrates/Invertebrates (6 features)

A
  • multicellular
  • more compact bodies than plants
  • growth occurs throughout body
  • obtain food by eating plants/other animals
  • no cell walls/chloroplasts/vacuoles
  • nervous system to make appropriate responses to stimuli/movement
31
Q

Vertebrate

A

Having a backbone

32
Q

Fish (5 features)

A
  • live in water permanently (except for the mud skipper lol)
  • streamlined/fins for swimming + balance
  • eyes + lateral line for detecting pressure changes in water
  • breathe dissolved oxygen from water from gills
  • skin covered w/ scales
33
Q

Amphibians (6 features)

A
  • live in land, return to water to breed
  • smooth, moist skin
  • external fertilisation (sperm/egg released into water)
  • external development
  • on land, they use lungs to breathe
  • in water, they breathe through their skin
34
Q

Reptiles (5 features)

A
  • can live in dry regions, don’t have to return to water to breed
  • dry/scaly skin to cut down water loss
  • internal fertilisation
  • external development (lay leathery eggs + waterproof shells to stop them from drying out)
  • lungs to breathe
35
Q

Birds (6 features)

A
  • have feathers/front limbs modified to wings
  • most are able to fly - except penguins :(
  • no teeth; beaks adapted to deal w/ dif. food
  • internal fertilisation
  • external development
  • homeothermic (warm-blooded); able to regulate body temp. + keep it constant despite outside temp changes
36
Q

Mammals (5 features)

A
  • have hair/fur
  • internal fertilisation/development - young develop in womb and born already well-developed
  • young suckle milk on mammary glands
  • lungs to breathe
  • homeothermic
37
Q

Invertebrate

A

Having no backbone

38
Q

Arthropods

A
  • largest of groups in animal kingdom
  • have segmented bodies, exoskeletons, jointed legs
39
Q

Exoskeleton

A

Hard, allows arthropods to live on land. They can grow too big for the exoskeleton and moult; then they grow a new one. Some moult throughout their whole lives or just in their early stages.

40
Q

Crustaceans (6 features)

A
  • divided into a cephalothorax (head-thorax) + abdomen
  • chalky exoskeleton
  • 2 pairs of antennae + compound eyes
  • 5-20 pairs of legs
  • breathe using gills
  • nearly all live in water - some are on land but then return to water to breed
41
Q

Myriapods (2 features)

A
  • long bodies w/ many segments
  • not divided into separate regions
42
Q

Centipedes (3 features)

A
  • one pair of legs on each segment
  • fast-moving carnivores
  • powerful jaws (can paralyze prey)
43
Q

Millipedes (3 features)

A
  • 2 pais of legs on each segment
  • slow-moving herbivores
  • eats on leaf litter
44
Q

Insects

A
  • bodies divided into 3: head/thorax/abdomen
  • covered by waterproof cuticle that stops them from losing too much water
  • (most) can fly (absolutely terrifying)
45
Q

Head (Insect)

A

One pair of antennae + compound eyes

46
Q

Thorax (Insect)

A

3 pairs of legs; breathe through sides of thorax (spiracles)

47
Q

Abdomen (Insect)

A

Breathe through sides of abdomen (spiracles)

48
Q

Arachnids (6 features)

A
  • bodies divided into 2 - cephalothorax + abdomen
  • 4 pairs of legs - no wings
  • no antennae
  • simple eyes
  • paralyze prey w/ poison fangs
  • able to weave silken webs w/ spinnerets
49
Q

Plant Kingdom (5 features)

A
  • multicellular
  • not compact like animal bodies
  • roots spread out through soil to gain water/salts
  • stems grow leaves to absorb light
  • chlorophyll to carry out photosynthesis (to make their own food)
50
Q

Prokaryotes (Bacteria)

A
  • some spherical/rod-shaped
  • exist in short chains of cells
  • surrounded by cell walls
51
Q

Prokaryotes have no…

A

Chloroplasts, mitochondria and nuclei! They have a loop of DNA instead.

52
Q

What structures do prokaryotes have?

A

Flagellum; loop of DNA; stored food reserve; plasmids; ribosomes; cell membrane; cell wall

53
Q

Protocists (3 features)

A
  • they don’t fit in any of the other 4 kingdoms (sad)
  • cells w/ nuclei
  • many are unicellular/some are multicellular
54
Q

Fungi (4 features)

A
  • multicellular
  • cell wall (made out of chitin)
  • nucleus
  • no chlorophyll
55
Q

Mycelium

A

Main fungus body

56
Q

Mycelium has…

A

A branching network of threads/hyphae which grows over the surface of its food. They then release enzymes which digest food outside the fungi and are absorbed by them.

57
Q

Most fungi are…

A

Saprotrophs (feed on dead/decaying matter)

58
Q

Viruses (they’re not cells!!)

A
  • made up of DNA/RNA surrounded by a protein coat
  • genetic material composed of a few genes that code proteins that form the coat/other proteins that help it reproduce
59
Q

Viruses are…

A

parasites; they enter cells of another organism (host) that help it multiply by taking over the host cell + direct it t make new viruses

60
Q

Since viruses aren’t cells, they are classified by…

A

Genetic material; Protein coat

61
Q

bryophytes

A

Plants that cannot transport substances within their structures as they do not possess xylem or phloem tissues.

62
Q

Ferns

A

Ferns are more developed than bryophytes. They have roots, a stem and complex leaves called fronds.
The leaves produce spores.
These are reproductive structures (called sporangia) found on the lower surface of the leaves.
The spores are light and are dispersed by wind. They germinate to grow into new fern plants.
The stem of a fern plant is below the ground and grows horizontally.
It is called a rhizome and the roots growing from it are called adventitious roots.

63
Q

Flowering plants

A

An embryonic (undeveloped) leaf in the seed of a flowering plant is called the cotyledon.
Flowering plants are divided into two groups, depending on how many cotyledons they have
Monocotyledons (often just called ‘monocots’) have one cotyledon
Dicotyledons (often just called ‘dicots’) have two cotyledons.

64
Q

Differences between different flowering plants

A

Structure
Monocotyledons Dicotyledons
Seed:
one cotyledon two cotyledons
Leaf veins:
parallel veins network of veins
Leaf shape:
narrow and long broad and short
Vascular bundles:
scattered in the stem arranged in a ring in the stem
Roots:
fibrous roots tap root
Flower parts:
multiple of three
multiple of four or five

Biology (21 decks)

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