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4 RED > 9 Stem Cells > Flashcards

9 Stem Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of asymmetric stem cells?

A

tissue maintenance

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2
Q

What is the function of symmetric stem cells?

A

expansion (during earl embryogenesis)

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3
Q

What do niche cells do?

A

sit outside stem cell area

produce growth factors and cytokines which go into SC tissue

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4
Q

What dictates the SC orientation to niche cells and ECM?

A

How it divides (symmetrically / asymetrically)

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5
Q

What are ESCs?

A

Emrbyonic stem cells

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6
Q

What TSPSCs?

A

Tissue Specific stem cells

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7
Q

What are MSCs?

A

Mesenchymal Stem cells

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8
Q

WHat are BMSCs?

A

Bone marrow stem cells

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9
Q

What are UCSCs?

A

Umbilical stem cells

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10
Q

What are iPSCs?

A

Induced pluripotent stem cells

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11
Q

Why are TSPSCs difficult to isolate?

A

only so many SCs per tissue

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12
Q

Up until which stage are all our cells identical?

A

8 cell stage

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13
Q

What are the 2 discrete cells types of the blastocyst stage?

A

ICM - embryo proper

Trophectoderm - placenta

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14
Q

Why does the ICM remain pluripotent?

A

it differentiates into the embryo

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15
Q

What 2 structures does the ICM become?

A

epiblast

hypoblast

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16
Q

Why can you isolate SC from mice so easily?

A

they have a normal pause in development

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17
Q

The balance of what 3 transcription factors are important in keeping a stem cell pluripotent?

A

Oct4
Sox2
Nanog

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18
Q

What 4 things are important for negative feedback of ESC fate?

A

STAT-3 (LIF) - mesoderm / ectoderm differentiation halting

Smad (BMP) - ectoderm differentiation halting

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19
Q

What does the primitic streak indicate the initiation of?

A

gastrulation

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20
Q

What governs the cell migration from the epiblast to the formation of 3 germ layers?
What else does it regulate and how?

A

FGF8

specificty of the mesoderm by upregulating BRACHYURY

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21
Q

Name 3 challenges for the use of ESCs in regenerative medicine

A

Production of required cell type in sufficient numbers and in a pure form

delivery of cells and incorporation

immune rejection

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22
Q

What might RGCs be used for?

A

glaucoma

drug screening

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23
Q

What might hepatocytes be used for?

A

drug screening

liver regeneration

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24
Q

What might cardiomyocytes be used for?

A

regeneration of cardiac tissue

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25
Q

What might chondrocytes be used for?

A

cartilage regeneration (via fibrin embedding)

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26
Q

What might PPCs be used for?

A

diabetic treatment by differentiation into beta-cells

27
Q

What might cone cells be used for?

A

ARMD treatment

28
Q

What might pacemaker cells be used for?

A

resotration of heart rhythm

29
Q

What might IVG be used for?

A

inferitlity treatment

30
Q

What factors are used to differentiate ESCs into hepatocytes?

A

K2, LA

31
Q

What factor is used to differentiate ESCs into cone cells?

A

COCO

32
Q

How might DPSCs be used to offer neurogenesis?

A

differentiated into serotonin neurons in neuronal culture

33
Q

How might pancreatic progenitors be used to offer insulin therapy?

A

pop them in 3D cultures to form a pancreatic-like organoid

34
Q

What stem cell are used to replace the cornea?

A

limbal stem cells (transplant in mice cells)

35
Q

What 3 main lineages can MSCs differentiate into?

A

adipocytes
oligodendrocytes
coronacytes

36
Q

What stem cell type if most useful for cardiovascular tissue engineering?

A

MSCs

37
Q

What was wrong with Claudia Castillo?

A

had a problem with her thoracic branch on one part of her thoracic limbal region

38
Q

How was Claudia Castillo treated?

A

de-cecullularised cadaveric trachea

put her MSCs in it to form a new trachea

39
Q

How might you treat a paralysed person due to SCI?

A

MSC olfactory cells, differentiate them and inject them into injury site

40
Q

What sorts of SCs have been used to regenerate retinal epithelium?

A

ESCs

41
Q

Name 3 solutions to the problem of immune rejection

A

large banks of human ESC lines
Manipulation of immune response
patient-specific PSCs

42
Q

What happens in reproductive cloning?

A

take DNA from adult cell and put into enucleated oocyte
stimulate it to divide
blastocyst implanted into surrogate mother

43
Q

What other technique might you use instead of reproductive cloning?

A

therapeutic cloning

take cells from ICM and make an ESC line, with the ability to differentiate into the 3 germ layers

can used for any disease that a patient may have

44
Q

What problem is associated with therapeutic cloning?

A

you need donor oocytes

45
Q

How might you reverse the differentiation process?

Why is this useful?

A

add a limted number of genes to convert back to a stem cell

you can create a bank of patient-specific cell line

46
Q

What is the benefit of iPSCs?

A

you skip the enucleated oocyte stage, they just use the patient’s own cell

47
Q

How do you form iPSCs?

A

transfection of fibroblasts with a combination of pluripotency inducing transcription factors leads to the formation of ES-like cells

48
Q

What are the strenghts of iPSCs?

A

patient DNA match

similar to embryonic stem cells

49
Q

Name 3 limitations to iPSCs

A

same egentic pre-dispositions
viral gene delivery mechanism
use of known onco-genes

50
Q

What can be used to avoid unwanted genetic pre-dispositions with iPSCs?

A

gene therapy in culture

51
Q

What can be used to negotiate the viral gene delivery mechanism in iPSCs?

A

polymer, liposome controlled-release

52
Q

What can be used to negotiate the use of known-oncogenes in iPSCs?

A

try other ocmbinations

53
Q

How do you make a terminally differentiated cell

A

transect it with 4 transcription factors (Oct4, Soc2, c-Myc, and Klf4)
forms ES-like cells

54
Q

What problem is associated with using c-Myc for iPSCs?

A

increases teratomer risk

55
Q

Name a human totipotent stem cell

A

zygote

56
Q

Name some human pluripotent SCs

A

ES cells / EG cells
EC cells / mGS cells
iPSCs

57
Q

Name a human multipotent SC

A

adult stem cells

58
Q

What do we often have to do instead of transdifferentiation?

A

dedifferentiation

59
Q

How can you reverse X-inactivation?

A

repression of lineage-specific genes by Pc proteins

promoter hypermethylation

60
Q

How can you speed up the de-differentiation process?

A

induce a stress resopnse by using Vitamin C

61
Q

How an you promote glycolytic metbaolism?

A

hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha and cMyc

62
Q

Why is cell cycle regulation so important for SCs?

A

SCs have completely different cell cycles to a terminally differentiated cell

63
Q

What are the advantages of trans-differentiation?

A

avoiding use of iPSCs to derive patient-specific cells
makes process faster and more efficient
reduces risk of pluripotnecy-associated tumourigenesis and probably avoiding immunogenicity identified recently in iPSCs

64
Q

Name an example of trans-differentiation

A

expressing C/EBO-beta provokes conversion of pancreatic cells to hepatocytes

4 RED (15 decks)

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