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4 RED > 4 Ovarian Function > Flashcards

4 Ovarian Function Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to PGCs from weeks 3-7?

A

proloferate by mitosis

migrate to genital ridges

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2
Q

How do PGCs migrate to the genital ridges?

A

amoeboid movement guided by chemotaxis

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3
Q

What event in embryonic development sitmulates the development of male characteristics?

A

SRY expression

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4
Q

What happens to sex cord cells in females?

A

cluster around PGCs
form primordial follicles
form the granulosa

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5
Q

What happens in Turner Syndrome?

A

XO
oocyte death
ovarian dysgenesis

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6
Q

What are the 2 key ault functions of the pvary?

A

oocyte production

hormone production

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7
Q

What is the male equivalent of oogonium?

A

spermatogonia

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8
Q

What is the male equivalent of primary oocyte?

A

primary spermatocyte

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9
Q

What is the male equivalent of the secondary oocyte?

A

secondary spermatocyte

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10
Q

What is the male equivalent of the tertiary oocyte?

A

spermatozoa

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11
Q

Is the PGC formed by mitosis or meiosis?

A

mitosis

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12
Q

Is the Oogonia formed by mitosis or meiosis?

A

mitosis

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13
Q

are the primary oocytes formed by mitosis or meiosis?

A

the 1st meiotic division

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14
Q

Are the secodnary oocytes formed by mitosis or meiosis?

A

2nd meiotic division

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15
Q

When do oogonia enter meiosis?

A

fetal period

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16
Q

What is the entry of the oogonia into meiosis regulated by?

A

Stmiulated by retinoic acid 8 gene (Stra8) - retinoic acid

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17
Q

Why doesn’t RA build up int he testis during childhood?

A

Cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of RA

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18
Q

When does oogenesis enter meiosis?

A

in utero period

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19
Q

When is meiosis I completed?

A

just before ovulation

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20
Q

When is meiosis II complete?

A

after fertilisation

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21
Q

What is the significance of the timing of meiotic blocks?

A

after the 1st meiotic block primary ocytes enter a prolonged resting phase of up to 50 years

vulnerable to damage at the spindle

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22
Q

What term is used to describe the gradual reduction in female germ cells in the second half of pregnancy?

A

atresia

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23
Q

Name 5 symptoms of the menopause

A 
oligomenorrhea
mood changes
loss of libido
hot flushes
failing oestrogen
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24
Q

What is the clinical definition of menopause?

A

12 months amenorrhea (under 50s)

24 months amenorrhea (over 50s)

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25
Q

What happens to oestrogens in menopause?

A

switch from oestrodiol to oestrone being the predominant oestrogen

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26
Q

What are the consequences of oestrogen withdrawal?

A

loss of anti-PTH activity
change in blood lipid ratios
reduction in vaginal lubrication
behavioural changes

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27
Q

What is the effect of loss of anti-PTH activity?

A

bone catabolism and osetoporosis

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28
Q

What is the effect of a change in blood lipid ratios?

A

coronary thrombosis

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29
Q

What is the effect in a reduction in vaginal lubricaiton?

A

dyspareunia

30
Q

What is HRT usually made of?

A

progesterone and oestrogen

31
Q

When don’t you give unopposed oestrogen?

A

endothelial hyperplasia

endometrial cancer

32
Q

For who is oestrogen-only HRT suitable for?

A

womon who have had a hysterectomy

33
Q

What problems are associated with HRT?

A

it increases the risk fo developing breast and ovarian cancer and CVD

34
Q

Name 6 differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis

A

timing of entry into meisosis
oogenesis is not continuous
females are born with a finite number of oocytes
female germ cells undergo clonal expansion then atresia
female meiotic divisions are asymmetrical
female gametogenesis is cyclical

35
Q

When is the first polar body released?

A

just before ovulation

36
Q

When is the second polar body released?

A

after fertilisation and meiosis 2 completion

37
Q

What are the 2 types of follicular somatic cells?

A

Granulosa

Theca

38
Q

Why do we get rid of polar bodies

A

remove XS genetic material to become haploid without losing any cytoplasm

39
Q

What are the key stages of folliculogenesis?

A 
primordial follicle
primary follicle
formation of the zona pellucida
secondary follicle
tertiary follicle
40
Q

What is the primordial follicle surrounded by?

A

single layer of flattened granulosa

41
Q

What happens to the oocyte post fertilisation?

A

begins to grow and synthesise protiens

42
Q

Is the development of the primordial follicle dependent on the menstrual cycle?

A

nope

43
Q

What happens to form the primary follicle?

A

granulosa cells become cuboidal

theca and zona pellucida become visible

44
Q

Is the primary follicle development dependent on the menstrual cycle?

A

nope

45
Q

What is the zona pelucida made of?

A

glycoprotien

46
Q

What is the zona pellucida important for?

A

sperm binding induction of acrosome reaction and protection of the early embryo

47
Q

What happens to the theca during secondary follicle development?

A

forms 2 distinct layers
interna (endocrine)
externa (structural)

48
Q

How many follicles develop per cycle?

A

5-15

49
Q

How is the development of the secondary follicle dependent on the menstrual cycle?

A

need an FSH signal to continue development

50
Q

What occurs in the development of the tertiary follicle?

A

granulosa secrete follicular fluid

51
Q

What does FSH do?

A

acts ont he FSHR (ovary)

stimulates development of follicles

52
Q

What does LH do?

A

acts on LHCGR (ovary)

stimulates follicle maturation, ovulation, and development of the corpus luteum

53
Q

What are the 3 key functions of oestrogens?

A

growth of body and sex organs at puberty
development o secondary sexual characteristics
reprocution post puberty

54
Q

How do oestrogens aid reproduction post puberty?

A

follicle maturation
preparation of the endometrium for pregnancy - proliferation
thinning of cervical mucus

55
Q

How is oestrogen produced?

A

testosterone produced in the theca cells diffuse to granulosa
converted to oestrogen by aromatase

56
Q

What produces progesterone?

A

corpus luteum (post ovulation)

57
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

acts on the uterus to prepare the endometrium for pregnancy

58
Q

Name 3 ovarian hormone types

A

oestrogens
progesterone
cytokines

59
Q

Name 4 ovarian cytokines

A

inhibin A/B
Activin
GDF9

60
Q

What happens to granulosa and theca cells in the proliferative phase?

A

develop in growing follicles

produce oestrogen

61
Q

What does oestrogen do to FSH in the proliferative phase?

A

suppresses FSH production by the anterior pituitary

62
Q

Which follicle is most able to deal with FSH in the proliferative phase?

A

the one with the most FSHRs

63
Q

What causes LH surge in the proliferative phase?

A

high oestrogen levels

64
Q

What happens to the cumulus oorphorus during ovulation?

A

loosens

65
Q

What happens to the follicular wall during ovulation?

A

weakens

66
Q

What happens to the cumulus-oocyte complex during ovulatino?

A

released onto ovary surface, picked up by fimbrae at the end of the uterine tube

67
Q

What happens the granulosa during the luteal phase?

A

become large lutein cells producing progesterone and oestrogen

68
Q

What happens to theca cells during the luteal phase?

A

largely disperse to stromal tissue

some stay back as small lutein cells

69
Q

What do small lutein cells do?

A

produce progesterone and androgens, which are aromatised by granulosa cells into oestrogen

70
Q

What happens to the endometrium during the luteal phase?

A

it becomes secretory

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