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4 RED > 1 HPG axis > Flashcards

1 HPG axis Flashcards

1
Q

What sort of hormone is GnRH?

A

peptide hormone

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2
Q

What is the structure of GnRH?

A

decapeptide

derived from 92aa prepropeptide

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3
Q

What is the cause of Kallmann Syndrome?

A

GnRH secreting neurones fail to migrate during development

this cause infertility

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4
Q

What triggers gonadal activation?

A

pulsatile GnRH secretion

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5
Q

What do low frequency GnRH pulses cause in females?

A

FSH secretion

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6
Q

What do high frequency GnRH pulses cause in females?

A

LH secretion

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7
Q

Name 3 other factors that regulate FSH and LH

A

E2
P4
Inhibin

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8
Q

What does continuous GnRH secretion cause?

A

down-regulation of GnRHR on gonadotroph cells

no stimulation of FSH / LH release

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9
Q

What do gonadotrophs secrete?

A

gonadotropins (FSH and LH)

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10
Q

what do corticotrophs secrete?

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

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11
Q

Where are gonadotrophs found?

A

anterior pituitary

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12
Q

What does LH act on in males?

A

Leydig cells

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13
Q

What cells does LH act on in females?

A

theca and granulosa cells

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14
Q

What does FSH act on in males?

A

Sertoli cells

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15
Q

What does FSH act on in females?

A

granulosa cells

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16
Q

What receptor does LH show affinity for?

A

LHCGR

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17
Q

What receptor does FSH show affinity for?

A

FSHR

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18
Q

What receptor doe hCG show affinity for?

A

LHCGR

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19
Q

What is direct communication between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland?

A

neural

to posterior pituitary

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20
Q

What is indirect communication between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland?

A

vascular

to anterior pituitary

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21
Q

What are the 3 main families of sex steroids?

A

Progestagens
Androgens
Oestrogens

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22
Q

What are progestagens produced by in pregnancy?

A

placenta

23
Q

what are androgens associated with?

A

‘maleness’

24
Q

What do sex steroids bind to?

A

steroid response elements (SRE’s)

25
Q

What is the significance of the solubility of sex steroids?

A

they are lipophilic

therefore they must be protein bound in the blood

26
Q

Name 3 carrier proteins for sex steroids

A

albumin
sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)
Androgen binding protein (ABP)

27
Q

Name 3 progestagens form most to least potent

A

Progesterone (P4)

17a-hydroxyprogesterone (17a-OHP)

20a-hydroxyprogesterone (20a-OHP)

28
Q

Name 6 reproductive functions of progestagens

A 
uterus preparation
uterus maintenance
growth of mammary glands
lactation suppression
catabolic effects
gonadotrophin regulation
29
Q

Name 2 progestagen receptors

A

PR-A

PR-B

30
Q

Name 4 Androgens from most to least potent

A

5a-dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

Testosterone (T)

Androstenedione (A4)

Dehydroepiandosterone (DHEA)

31
Q

Name 5 sexual functions of Androgens

A

male reproductive development and maintenance

secondary sexual characteristics

sexual function
spermatogenesis support

gonadotrophin regulation

32
Q

Name 3 oestrogens from most to least potent

A

oestradiol 15b (E2)

Oestriol (E3)

Oestrone (E1)

33
Q

Name 4 reproductive functions of oestrogens

A

secondary sexual characteristic

stimulate growth and activity of mammary glands

stimulation proliferation of endometrium for progesterone action

regulate gonadotropins

34
Q

What receptors do oestrogens show affinity for?

A

ERa and ERb

35
Q

What is the abortion pill?

A

MIfepristone (RU486)

36
Q

What are the 2 main ways that steroid action can be regulated?

A

alter steroid production

alter amount or structure of receptor

37
Q

What is the basis of central hypogonadism?

A

hypothalamus / pituitary pathology

low FSH / LH

38
Q

What is the basis of primary hypogondaism?

A

Ovarian / testis pathology

high FSH / LH

39
Q

When might you expect prolactin levels to be high?

A

pregnancy

breast feeding

40
Q

What does prolactin do?

A

inhibits gonadal activity theough central suppression of GnRH

this decreases LH and FSH

41
Q

What does hyperprolactinemia cause?

A

galatorrhea

42
Q

How long is the menstrual cycle?

A

26-32 days

28 day average

43
Q

How long is the luteal phase?

A

14 days

44
Q

When is day 1 of the menstrual cycle?

A

1st day of menses

45
Q

How would you measure ovarian reserve?

A

FSH / LH levels on day 2 or 3

46
Q

How would you test for ovulation?

A

P4 day 21/28

47
Q

What is Oligomenorrhea?

A

<9 cycles in the last 12 months

48
Q

What is amenorrhea?

A

no bleed in the last 6 months

primary - never
secondary - ceased

49
Q

What is dysmenorrhagia?

A

painful periods

50
Q

What happens to FSH and LH levels in menopause?

Why?

A

they are high

loss of negative feedback by sex steroids

51
Q

What might be used as hormonal contraception?

A

synthetic progestagens and oestrogens

52
Q

How do hormonal contraceptives work?

A

suppress ovulation
thicken cervical mucus
thin endometrium

53
Q

How does fertility treatment work?

A

down regulate HPG axis with GnRH agonist / antagonist
stimulate with FSH
induce oocyte maturation with hCG

54
Q

How might you treat prostate cancer endocrinologically?

A

GnRH antagonists

4 RED (15 decks)

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