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4 RED > 3 Testicular Function > Flashcards

3 Testicular Function Flashcards

1
Q

For how long are male and female embryos indifferent?

A

until week 7

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2
Q

What are PGCs and when do they arise?

A

Primordal Germ Cells

7 weeks post conception

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3
Q

What gene leads to male development?

A

Sex determining Region Y gene

codes for an architectural transcription factor

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4
Q

How do sex cords form?

A

columns of cells from coelomic epithelium proliferate and penetrate deep into medullar mesenchyme

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5
Q

How do seminiferous tubules form?

A

sex cords surround PCGs

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6
Q

What happens within seminiferous tubules?

A

PCGs form prespermatogonia
mesodermal cord cells form Sertoli cells
inhibition of meiosis in males

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7
Q

What forms between seminiferous tubules?

A

vascularisation

Leydig cell clusters

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8
Q

Where is the Blood -Testis Barrier?

A

between basal and adluminal compartments of seminiferous tubule

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9
Q

What might happen if the BTB is penetrated?

A

anti-sperm antibodies or autoimmune disease of the testis might form

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10
Q

What forms the BTB?

A

adherens, gap, and tight junctions linking Sertoli cells

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11
Q

When does the BTB form?

A

during puberty

prior to spermatogenesis

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12
Q

How many sperm do men produce a day?

A

100 million

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13
Q

How long does spermatogenesis take?

A

64 days

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14
Q

What facilitates the continuous production of sperm?

A

Spermatogenic wave along the seminiferous tubules

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15
Q

What are the 3 phases of Spermatogenesis?

A

Proliferation
Division
Differentiation

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16
Q

What are spermatogonial cells?

A

self renewing stem cells

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17
Q

What do SSC form?

A

A spermatogonium
then B spermatogonia
then primary Spermatocytes

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18
Q

What are the phases of the division stage of spermatogenesis?

A

primary spermatocytes move into adluminal compartment passing BTB

undergo 1st meiotic division to form secondary spermatocytes

undergo 2nd meiotic division to form haploid, round spermatids

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19
Q

What is another name for the differentiation phase of spermatogenesis?

A

spermiogenesis

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20
Q

From what structure does the acrosome originate?

A

golgi apparatus

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21
Q

What are the features of the acrosome?

A

contains hydrolytic enzymes

receptors for fusion

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22
Q

What does the distal centriole form?

A

axoneme

23
Q

What does the proximal centriole form?

A

spindle for 1st mitotic division of the embryo

24
Q

What happens to the haploid genetic material in sperm during spermiogenesis?

A

histones are replaced by protamines

DNA becomes highly condensed

sex determination

25
Q

What happens to sperm cytoplasm?

A

forms a residual body which is phagocytosed by Sertoli cells

26
Q

What are the products of the testis?

A

Sperm
androgens
oestrogens
cytokines

27
Q

Name 2 cytokines produced by the testis

A

inhibin

AMH

28
Q

What produces androgens in the testis?

A

Leydig cells

29
Q

What happens to androgens in the seminiferous tubules?

A

testosterone converted to dihydrotestosterone by 5a-reductase in Sertoli cells

makes it more potent

some binds to Androgen receptors

some binds to ABP

30
Q

What produces Inhibin in the testis?

A

Sertoli cells

31
Q

What does inhibin do?

A

represses FSH production by anterior pituitary

32
Q

What produces inhibin in the testis?

A

Sertoli cells

33
Q

What stimulates testosterone production by the Leydig cells?

A

LH secreted by the anterior pituitary binds to LHCG receptors

34
Q

What does FSH binding to FSH receptors on Sertoli cells stimulate?

A

androgen receptor expression

ABP and inhibin production

35
Q

What 2 processes do sperm go through beyond the testis?

A

maturation in the male tract

capacitation in the female tract

36
Q

Which structure do sperm pass through before reaching the epidydimis?

A

rete testis

37
Q

What happens to the concentration of sperm in the epididiymis?

How?

A

increases x100

oestrogen stimulates the removal of fluid

38
Q

What are the sections of the epididymis?

A

caput
corpus
cauda

39
Q

What is the function of the epididymis caput?

A

offers motility

40
Q

What is the function of the epididymis corpus?

A

offers fertilising ability

41
Q

What is the function of the epididymis cauda?

A

storage

42
Q

What is the function of the vas deferens?

A

movement and storage vessel

43
Q

What is semen comprised of?

A

sperm

seminal plasma

44
Q

What does seminal plasma do?

A

transports
offers nutrients (fructose)
buffers
offers antioxidants

45
Q

Is ejaculation continuous?

A

no it occurs in 3 fractions

prostate
vas deferens
seminal vesicles

46
Q

What provides most of the ejaculatory volume?

A

seminal vesicles

47
Q

What do seminal vesicles add to seminal plasma?

A

semenogelin (fibrinogen like substance)

48
Q

What does semenogelin do?

A

clotts ejaculate

49
Q

What does the prostate secrete?

A

alkaline bits
zinc
enzymes

50
Q

What functions do prostatic enzymes serve?

A

liquify coagulated semen in the vagina so it can flow out again

51
Q

After how long do prostatic enzymes act?

A

30 mins to 1 hour

52
Q

What forms the pre-ejaculate?

A

Bulbourethral gland

53
Q

What is the function of the pre-ejaculate?

A

lubrication
neutralisation
mechanical flushing

54
Q

What are the 2 key processes in capacitation?

A

hyperactivation

acrosomeal reaction

4 RED (15 decks)

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