9 Social Psychology in the Clinic

Question 1

refers to the decisions made by professionals, such as psychologists, physicians,
and social workers, regarding the diagnosis, treatment, or assessment
of individuals based on observed behavior, symptoms, and contextual
factors.

Answer 1

Clinical Judgements

Question 2

● occur when people perceive a relationship between two variables that does not actually exist.
● This perception is often driven by pre-existing expectations or beliefs.

Answer 2

Illusory Correlations

Question 3

● The”I-should-have-known-it-all-along” phenomenon:
● After an event, people believe they could have predicted the outcome.

Answer 3

Hindsight Bias

Question 4

A third possible problem with clinical judgment is that patients may supply
information that fulfills clinicians’ expectations.

Answer 4

Self-confirming Diagnoses

Question 5

Relying on gut feelings, experience, and subjective judgment.

Answer 5

Clinical Intuition

Question 6

Using objective data, algorithms, and formulas to predict outcomes

Answer 6

Statistical Prediction

Question 7

What cognitive processes accompany mental health issues?

Answer 7

Depression
Loneliness
Social Anxiety and Shyness
Health, Illness, and Death
Emotions and Illness

Question 8

Depressed individuals tend
to view life through a lens of
low self-esteem, often thinking in negative terms.

Answer 8

Negative Thinking and Mood

Question 9

Depressive Realism: Mildly
depressed individuals may
have more accurate perceptions of control
compared to non-depressed
individuals, who tend to
overestimate their control.

Answer 9

Distortion vs. Realism

Question 10

This leads to hopelessness and self-blame.

Depressed individuals often attributes failures to:

-Stable Causes (It’ll last forever)
-Global Causes (it’ll affect everything)
-Internal Causes (It’s my fault)

Answer 10

Explanatory Style

Question 11

Negative thinking can lead
to depression, while depressed moods can
reinforce negative thinking,
creating a cycle.

Answer 11

Negative Thinking

Question 12

○ Depressed individuals tend to withdraw and exhibit
negative behaviors, which
may lead to social rejection
and further depression in
others.
○ Positive moods are contagious and can improve
an individual’s mood when
surrounded by happy people.

Answer 12

Behavioral Effects

Question 13

○ Negative experiences (e.g.,
failure, rejection) trigger
negative thinking, leading to
depression, which alters
behavior (e.g., withdrawal,
pessimism), continuing the
cycle.

Answer 13

Cognitive and Behavioral Cycle

Question 14

○ Women tend to ruminate
more than men, which
contributes to higher rates of depression, especially
starting in adolescence.

Answer 14

Gender Differences

Question 15

○ In Western cultures,
depression is closely linked
to individualism and
self-blame.
○ In non-Western cultures,
such as Japan, depression is
more often associated with
feelings of shame.

Answer 15

Cultural Influences

Question 16

○ Negative self-image and
attributions create a self-perpetuating cycle of depression, where negative
experiences lead to negative
thoughts and behaviors,
worsening the condition.

Answer 16

Vicious Cycle of Depression

Question 17

the painful awareness of fewer or less meaningful social relationships, and it can occur even when surrounded by others.

Answer 17

Loneliness

Question 18

TRUE OR FALSE:

In terms of health implications, loneliness decreases the risk of depression, heart disease, high blood pressure, cognitive decline, and sleep issues. It also correlates with lower risk of death.

Answer 18

FALSE

Loneliness increases the risk
of depression, heart disease,
high blood pressure, cognitive decline, and sleep
issues. It also correlates with
a higher risk of death.

Question 19

TRUE OR FALSE

Loneliness has a genetic component with identical twins more likely to share feelings of loneliness.

Answer 19

TRUE

Question 20

TRUE OR FALSE:

Loneliness is linked to social isolation, creating a self-reinforcing cycle.

Answer 20

TRUE

Question 21

TRUE OR FALSE:

As a defense mechanism, lonely individuals may seek companionship by anthropomorphizing objects or animals

Answer 21

FALSE

Coping Mechanism

Question 22

TRUE OR FALSE:

Lonely people often have a positive explanatory style, viewing social interactions poorly and blaming themselves for social difficulties.

Answer 22

FALSE

Negative Explanatory Style

Question 23

is driven by self-consciousness and fear
of judgment, often linked to
shyness.

Answer 23

Social Anxiety and Shyness

Question 24

Anxiety arises when
individuals feel motivated to
impress but have self-doubts

Answer 24

Self-presentation Theory

Question 25

Anxiety intensifies in evaluative contexts or with powerful individuals.

Answer 25

Situational Factors

Question 26

Shy individuals may over personalize situations and assume others focus on their flaws.

Answer 26

Spotlight Effect

Question 27

TRUE OR FALSE In coping with social anxiety, shy people don't use alcohol to reduce self-consciousness.

Answer 27

FALSE Shy people may use alcohol to reduce self-consciousness.

Question 28

TRUE OR FALSE: In coping with social anxiety, a person uses symptoms like shyness as excuses for illness.

Answer 28

TRUE

Question 29

Using symptoms like shyness as excuses for failures.

Answer 29

Self-handicapping

Question 30

TRUE OR FALSE In the industrialized world, at least 3/4 of all deaths are linked with behavior—with consuming cigarettes, alcohol, drugs, and harmful foods; with reactions to stress; with lack of exercise and not following a doctor’s advice.

Answer 30

FALSE "at least half of all deaths"

Question 31

These people study how people respond to illness symptoms and how emotions and explanations influence health.

Answer 31

Health Psychologists

Question 32

Integrates behavioral and medical knowledge to understand health and disease.

Answer 32

Behavioral Medicine

Question 33

Focuses on the psychological roots of health and illness, including reactions to illness, symptom interpretation, and treatment decisions.

Answer 33

Health Psychology

Question 34

TRUE OR FALSE In terms of reacting to illness, women tend to report more symptoms and visit doctors more frequently than men.

Answer 34

TRUE

Question 35

Warmth and involvement in treatment planning are crucial to positive health outcomes.

Answer 35

Doctor-Patient Relationship

Question 36

TRUE OR FALSE Emotions like anger and depression are linked to heart disease and other health risks.

Answer 36

TRUE

Question 37

TRUE OR FALSE Chronic stress increases inflammation, affecting the immune system and overall health.

Answer 37

TRUE

Question 38

TRUE OR FALSE: -Stress affects immune function, contributing to diseases like respiratory infections, heart disease, and delayed wound healing. -Chronic stress leads to epigenetic effects that increase inflammation.

Answer 38

TRUE

Question 39

A pessimistic explanatory style is linked to a higher risk of illness, while optimism is associated with better health and longevity.

Answer 39

Explanatory Style and Illness

Question 40

3 Psychological Approaches to Treatment

Answer 40

1. Inducing Internal Change through External Behavior 2. Breaking Vicious Cycles 3. Maintaining Change Through Internal Attributions for Success

Question 41

Therapists shape behavior on the theory that the client’s inner disposition will also change after the behavior changes.

Answer 41

Inducing Internal Change Through External Behavior

Question 42

It is by changing the environment, by training the person to behave more constructively, or by reversing negative thinking.

Answer 42

Breaking Vicious Cycles

Question 43

Therapy methods that free people from depression's vicious cycle

Answer 43

1. Social Skills Training 2. Explanatory Style Therapy 3.Maintaining Change Through Internal Attributions for Success

Question 44

By observing and then practicing new behaviors in safe situations, the person may develop the confidence to behave more effectively in other situations.

Answer 44

Social Skills Training

Question 45

a practical application of cognitive-behavioral principles, emphasizing how our interpretations of events shape our emotions and actions.

Answer 45

Explanatory Style Therapy

Question 46

After improvement is achieved, it endures best if people attribute it to factors under their own control rather than to a treatment program

Answer 46

Maintaining Change Through Internal Attributions for Success

Question 47

TRUE OR FALSE people who “have friends or family you can count on” are also much more likely to report being satisfied with their personal health

Answer 47

TRUE

Question 48

TRUE OR FALSE Married people likewise tend to live healthier, longer lives than their nmarried counterparts

Answer 48

TRUE

Question 49

TRUE People who are married tend to live longer regardless of age, sex, gender...

Answer 49

TRUE

Question 50

TRUE OR FALSE There is not a link between social support and health because close relationships don't give us people to confide in

Answer 50

FALSE There is a link between social support and health because close relationships give us people to confide in

Question 51

How does poverty get under the skin?

Answer 51

a. Reduced access to quality health b Unhealthier Lifestyles c. Increased Stress

Question 52

TRUE OR FALSE The following two reasons are true for being happy because people are married. 1st: more likely to enjoy an enduring, supportive, intimate relationship and are less likely to suffer loneliness. 2nd: can offer the roles of spouse and parent, which can provide additional sources of self-esteem and social identity

Answer 52

TRUE

Question 53

TRUE OR FALSE: People who enjoy close, supportive relationships are at more risk for illness and premature death.

Answer 53

FALSE "less risk"

Question 54

TRUE OR FALSE: Close relationships also foster happiness. People who have intimate, long-term attachments with friends and family members cope better with loss and report greater happiness.

Answer 54

TRUE

Question 55

10 Things to do to be happy

Answer 55

1. Realize that enduring happiness doesn’t come from “making it.” 2. Take control of your time. 3. Act happy. 4. Seek work and leisure that engage your skills. 5. Join the “movement” movement. 6. Give your body the sleep it wants. 7. Give priority to close relationships. 8. Focus beyond the self. 9. Keep a gratitude journal. 10. Nurture your spiritual self.