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Social Psychology > 9 Social Psychology in the Clinic > Flashcards

9 Social Psychology in the Clinic Flashcards

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1
Q

refers to the decisions made by professionals, such as psychologists, physicians,
and social workers, regarding the diagnosis, treatment, or assessment
of individuals based on observed behavior, symptoms, and contextual
factors.

A

Clinical Judgements

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2
Q

● occur when people perceive a relationship between two variables that does not actually exist.
● This perception is often driven by pre-existing expectations or beliefs.

A

Illusory Correlations

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3
Q

● The”I-should-have-known-it-all-along” phenomenon:
● After an event, people believe they could have predicted the outcome.

A

Hindsight Bias

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4
Q

A third possible problem with clinical judgment is that patients may supply
information that fulfills clinicians’ expectations.

A

Self-confirming Diagnoses

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5
Q

Relying on gut feelings, experience, and subjective judgment.

A

Clinical Intuition

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6
Q

Using objective data, algorithms, and formulas to predict outcomes

A

Statistical Prediction

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7
Q

What cognitive processes accompany mental health issues?

A

Depression
Loneliness
Social Anxiety and Shyness
Health, Illness, and Death
Emotions and Illness

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8
Q

Depressed individuals tend
to view life through a lens of
low self-esteem, often thinking in negative terms.

A

Negative Thinking and Mood

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9
Q

Depressive Realism: Mildly
depressed individuals may
have more accurate perceptions of control
compared to non-depressed
individuals, who tend to
overestimate their control.

A

Distortion vs. Realism

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10
Q

This leads to hopelessness and self-blame.

Depressed individuals often attributes failures to:

-Stable Causes (It’ll last forever)
-Global Causes (it’ll affect everything)
-Internal Causes (It’s my fault)

A

Explanatory Style

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11
Q

Negative thinking can lead
to depression, while depressed moods can
reinforce negative thinking,
creating a cycle.

A

Negative Thinking

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12
Q

○ Depressed individuals tend to withdraw and exhibit
negative behaviors, which
may lead to social rejection
and further depression in
others.
○ Positive moods are contagious and can improve
an individual’s mood when
surrounded by happy people.

A

Behavioral Effects

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13
Q

○ Negative experiences (e.g.,
failure, rejection) trigger
negative thinking, leading to
depression, which alters
behavior (e.g., withdrawal,
pessimism), continuing the
cycle.

A

Cognitive and Behavioral Cycle

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14
Q

○ Women tend to ruminate
more than men, which
contributes to higher rates of depression, especially
starting in adolescence.

A

Gender Differences

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15
Q

○ In Western cultures,
depression is closely linked
to individualism and
self-blame.
○ In non-Western cultures,
such as Japan, depression is
more often associated with
feelings of shame.

A

Cultural Influences

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16
Q

○ Negative self-image and
attributions create a self-perpetuating cycle of depression, where negative
experiences lead to negative
thoughts and behaviors,
worsening the condition.

A

Vicious Cycle of Depression

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17
Q

the painful awareness of fewer or less meaningful social relationships, and it can occur even when surrounded by others.

A

Loneliness

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18
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

In terms of health implications, loneliness decreases the risk of depression, heart disease, high blood pressure, cognitive decline, and sleep issues. It also correlates with lower risk of death.

A

FALSE

Loneliness increases the risk
of depression, heart disease,
high blood pressure, cognitive decline, and sleep
issues. It also correlates with
a higher risk of death.

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19
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Loneliness has a genetic component with identical twins more likely to share feelings of loneliness.

A

TRUE

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20
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Loneliness is linked to social isolation, creating a self-reinforcing cycle.

A

TRUE

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21
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

As a defense mechanism, lonely individuals may seek companionship by anthropomorphizing objects or animals

A

FALSE

Coping Mechanism

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22
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Lonely people often have a positive explanatory style, viewing social interactions poorly and blaming themselves for social difficulties.

A

FALSE

Negative Explanatory Style

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23
Q

is driven by self-consciousness and fear
of judgment, often linked to
shyness.

A

Social Anxiety and Shyness

24
Q

Anxiety arises when
individuals feel motivated to
impress but have self-doubts

A

Self-presentation Theory

25
Q

Anxiety intensifies in evaluative contexts or with powerful individuals.

A

Situational Factors

26
Q

Shy individuals may over
personalize situations and
assume others focus on their flaws.

A

Spotlight Effect

27
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

In coping with social anxiety, shy people don’t use alcohol to reduce self-consciousness.

A

FALSE

Shy people may use alcohol to reduce self-consciousness.

28
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

In coping with social anxiety, a person uses symptoms like shyness as excuses for illness.

A

TRUE

29
Q

Using symptoms like shyness as excuses for failures.

A

Self-handicapping

30
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

In the industrialized world, at least 3/4 of all deaths are linked with behavior—with consuming cigarettes, alcohol, drugs, and harmful foods; with reactions to stress; with lack of exercise
and not following a doctor’s advice.

A

FALSE

“at least half of all deaths”

31
Q

These people study how people respond to illness symptoms and how emotions and explanations influence health.

A

Health Psychologists

32
Q

Integrates behavioral and
medical knowledge to
understand health and
disease.

A

Behavioral Medicine

33
Q

Focuses on the psychological roots of health
and illness, including
reactions to illness, symptom interpretation, and treatment decisions.

A

Health Psychology

34
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

In terms of reacting to illness, women tend to report more symptoms and visit doctors more frequently than men.

A

TRUE

35
Q

Warmth and involvement in
treatment planning are
crucial to positive health
outcomes.

A

Doctor-Patient Relationship

36
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Emotions like anger and
depression are linked to
heart disease and other
health risks.

A

TRUE

37
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Chronic stress increases
inflammation, affecting the
immune system and overall
health.

A

TRUE

38
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

-Stress affects immune
function, contributing to
diseases like respiratory
infections, heart disease, and delayed wound healing.

-Chronic stress leads to
epigenetic effects that
increase inflammation.

A

TRUE

39
Q

A pessimistic explanatory
style is linked to a higher risk
of illness, while optimism is
associated with better health and longevity.

A

Explanatory Style and Illness

40
Q

3 Psychological Approaches to Treatment

A
  1. Inducing Internal Change through External Behavior
  2. Breaking Vicious Cycles
  3. Maintaining Change Through Internal Attributions for Success
41
Q

Therapists shape behavior on the theory that the client’s inner disposition will also change after the behavior changes.

A

Inducing Internal Change Through External Behavior

42
Q

It is by changing the environment, by training the person to behave more
constructively, or by reversing negative thinking.

A

Breaking Vicious Cycles

43
Q

Therapy methods that free people from depression’s vicious cycle

A
  1. Social Skills Training
  2. Explanatory Style Therapy
    3.Maintaining Change Through Internal Attributions for Success
44
Q

By observing and then practicing new behaviors in safe situations, the person may develop the confidence
to behave more effectively in other situations.

A

Social Skills Training

45
Q

a practical application of
cognitive-behavioral principles, emphasizing how our interpretations of events shape our emotions and
actions.

A

Explanatory Style Therapy

46
Q

After improvement is achieved, it endures best if people attribute it to factors under their own control rather than to a treatment program

A

Maintaining Change Through
Internal Attributions for Success

47
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

people who “have friends or family you can count on” are also much more likely to report being satisfied
with their personal health

A

TRUE

48
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Married people likewise tend to live healthier, longer lives than their nmarried counterparts

A

TRUE

49
Q

TRUE

People who are married tend to live longer regardless of age, sex, gender…

A

TRUE

50
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

There is not a link between social support and health because close relationships don’t give us people to confide in

A

FALSE

There is a link between social
support and health because close relationships give us people to confide in

51
Q

How does poverty get under the skin?

A

a. Reduced access to quality health
b Unhealthier Lifestyles
c. Increased Stress

52
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

The following two reasons are true for being happy because people are married.

1st: more likely
to enjoy an enduring, supportive, intimate relationship and are less
likely to suffer loneliness.

2nd: can offer the roles
of spouse and parent, which can provide additional sources of self-esteem and social identity

A

TRUE

53
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

People who enjoy close, supportive relationships are at more risk for illness and premature death.

A

FALSE

“less risk”

54
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Close relationships also foster happiness. People who have intimate, long-term attachments with
friends and family members cope better with loss and report greater happiness.

A

TRUE

55
Q

10 Things to do to be happy

A
  1. Realize that enduring happiness doesn’t come from “making it.”
  2. Take control of your time.
  3. Act happy.
  4. Seek work and leisure that engage your skills.
  5. Join the “movement” movement.
  6. Give your body the sleep it wants.
  7. Give priority to close relationships.
  8. Focus beyond the self.
  9. Keep a gratitude journal.
  10. Nurture your spiritual self.

Social Psychology (9 decks)

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