3. Social Mutation

Question 1

Prejudice

Answer 1

A preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members

Question 2

Dual attitudes

Answer 2

• refer to the idea that an individual can have two different attitudes; (1) Implicit Attitude: refers to an intuitive response or gut
  reaction, and (2) Explicit Attitude: refers to a more deliberate,
  thought-out response

Question 3

Stereotypes

Answer 3

social belief about the personal attributes of a group of people that supports the negative evaluations which marks prejudice

Question 4

Discrimination

Answer 4

Unjustified negative behavior toward a group or its members

Question 5

Define Prejudice and Discrimination in terms of attitude and behavior

Answer 5

If Prejudice is a negative attitude, discrimination on the other hand is a negative behavior

Question 6

Microaggression

Answer 6

indirect actions, typically unintentional, that convey negative or discriminatory attitudes (e.g., avoiding sitting next to someone of another race)

Question 7

Subtle Racial Prejudice Types

Answer 7

• Microaggression
• Bias

Question 8

Bias

Answer 8

also appears in subtle forms, such as giving exaggerated praise to minorities to avoid seeming prejudiced or providing less critical feedback

Question 9

Automatic Prejudice

Answer 9

set of unconscious, unintentional, and effortless attitudes or stereotypes, influenced by social and cultural factors

Question 10

Displays of Racial Prejudice and Discrimination

Answer 10

➷ Employment discrimination
➷ Favoritism galore
➷ Interactions with police
➷ Patronizing behavior

Question 11

Gender Prejudice

Answer 11

Also referred to as sexism, is explored through various dimensions, examining both the structural and individual biases against genders

Question 12

Two forms of sexism

Answer 12

• hostile sexism, which includes openly negative attitudes or actions towards a particular gender
• benevolent sexism, which may appear positive but reinforces traditional gender roles

Question 13

Hostile Sexism

Answer 13

Reflects overtly negative attitudes toward women, particulaly those who challenge traditional gender roles or strive for equality

Question 14

Benevolent Sexism

Answer 14

subtler form of sexism that is characterized by attitudes that seem positive or protective but ultimately reinforce traditional gender roles and stereotypes

Question 15

Gender discrimination

Answer 15

is discussed as a form of prejudice that involves unequal
treatment of individuals based on their gender

Question 16

Social Sources of prejudice

Answer 16

interplay of different social institutions (social class, religion, politics, etc) in forming prejudice

Question 17

Social Inequalities

Answer 17

Unequal status breeds prejudice; prejudice helps justify
the economic and social superiority of those who have
wealth and power

Question 18

Social Dominance Orientation

Answer 18

A motivation to have one’s group dominate other social groups

Question 19

The Authoritarian Personality

Answer 19

Personality that is disposed to favor obedience to authority and intolerance of outgroups and those lower
in status

Question 20

T or F
Authoritarian Personality doesn’t co-occurs with prejudiced
attitudes

Answer 20

False, it does

Question 21

The Scapegoat Theory

Answer 21

The tendency to blame someone else for one’s own problems

Question 22

Social Identity Theory

Answer 22

Humans are naturally social, evolved to survive and thrive in groups

Question 23

Ingroup Bias

Answer 23

Group identities define who we are and who we aren’t,
creating an “us vs. them” mindset

Question 24

Need For Status, Self-Regard, And Belonging

Answer 24

To perceive ourselves as having status, we need people below us. Thus, one psychological benefit of prejudice, or of any status system, is a feeling of superiority

Question 25

Terror Management Theory

Answer 25

people’s self-protective emotional and cognitive responses (including adhering more strongly to their cultural worldviews and prejudices) when confronted with reminders of their mortality.

Question 26

Spontaneous Categorization

Answer 26

tendency to classify people highlights our brain’s instinct to create distinct groups, even when there are variations

Question 27

Output homogeneity effect

Answer 27

perception of outgroup members as more similar to one another than are ingroup members. Thus “they are alike; we are diverse

Question 28

Own-race bias

Answer 28

tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of their own race

Question 29

Own-age bias

Answer 29

tendency for both children and older adults to more accurately identify faces from their own ace groups

Question 30

Stigma consciousness

Answer 30

person’s expectations of being victimized by prejudice or discrimination

Question 31

Vivid Cases

Answer 31

Refer to instances that stand out due to their striking, unusual, or emotionally impactful nature

Question 32

availability heuristic

Answer 32

where people judge the frequency or likelihood of events based on how easily examples come to mind

Question 33

Distinctive Events Foster Illusory Correlations

Answer 33

Tendency for people to perceive a relationship between two unusual or memorable events, even if no actual association exists

Question 34

Illusory correlations

Answer 34

occur when individuals overestimate the frequency or significance of co-occurrences between rare or notable events

Question 35

Attribution Theory

Answer 35

explores how people explain the behavior of themselves and others, categorizing explanations as either; Dispositional attribution, Situational attribution, Group-Serving Bias

Question 36

Dispositional attribution

Answer 36

Attributing behavior to internal traits or characteristics (e.g., personality

Question 37

Situational attribution

Answer 37

Attributing behavior to external circumstances or environmental factors

Question 38

Group-Serving Bias

Answer 38

refers to a tendency to favor one's own group when making attributions for behavior or events

Question 39

The Just-World Phenomenon

Answer 39

where people tend to believe that the world is inherently fair and that people get what they deserve

Question 40

Self-Perpetuating Prejudgments

Answer 40

- Subtyping - Subgrouping

Question 41

Subtyping

Answer 41

Accommodating individuals who deviate from one’s stereotype by thinking of them as “exceptions to the rule

Question 42

Subgrouping

Answer 42

Accommodating individuals who deviate from one’s stereotype by forming a new stereotype about this subset of the group

Question 43

Stereotype Threat

Answer 43

A self-confirming apprehension that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

Question 44

Stereotype threat situations have immediate effects...

Answer 44

performance deficits and disidentification