3. Social Mutation Flashcards
Prejudice
A preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members
Dual attitudes
- refer to the idea that an individual can have two different attitudes; (1) Implicit Attitude: refers to an intuitive response or gut
reaction, and (2) Explicit Attitude: refers to a more deliberate,
thought-out response
Stereotypes
social belief about the personal attributes of a group of people that supports the negative evaluations which marks prejudice
Discrimination
Unjustified negative behavior toward a group or its members
Define Prejudice and Discrimination in terms of attitude and behavior
If Prejudice is a negative attitude, discrimination on the other hand is a negative behavior
Microaggression
indirect actions, typically unintentional, that convey negative or discriminatory attitudes (e.g., avoiding sitting next to someone of another race)
Subtle Racial Prejudice Types
- Microaggression
- Bias
Bias
also appears in subtle forms, such as giving exaggerated praise to minorities to avoid seeming prejudiced or providing less critical feedback
Automatic Prejudice
set of unconscious, unintentional, and effortless attitudes or stereotypes, influenced by social and cultural factors
Displays of Racial Prejudice and Discrimination
➷ Employment discrimination
➷ Favoritism galore
➷ Interactions with police
➷ Patronizing behavior
Gender Prejudice
Also referred to as sexism, is explored through various dimensions, examining both the structural and individual biases against genders
Two forms of sexism
- hostile sexism, which includes openly negative attitudes or actions towards a particular gender
- benevolent sexism, which may appear positive but reinforces traditional gender roles
Hostile Sexism
Reflects overtly negative attitudes toward women, particulaly those who challenge traditional gender roles or strive for equality
Benevolent Sexism
subtler form of sexism that is characterized by attitudes that seem positive or protective but ultimately reinforce traditional gender roles and stereotypes
Gender discrimination
is discussed as a form of prejudice that involves unequal
treatment of individuals based on their gender
Social Sources of prejudice
interplay of different social institutions (social class, religion, politics, etc) in forming prejudice
Social Inequalities
Unequal status breeds prejudice; prejudice helps justify
the economic and social superiority of those who have
wealth and power
Social Dominance Orientation
A motivation to have one’s group dominate other social groups
The Authoritarian Personality
Personality that is disposed to favor obedience to authority and intolerance of outgroups and those lower
in status
T or F
Authoritarian Personality doesn’t co-occurs with prejudiced
attitudes
False, it does
The Scapegoat Theory
The tendency to blame someone else for one’s own problems
Social Identity Theory
Humans are naturally social, evolved to survive and thrive in groups
Ingroup Bias
Group identities define who we are and who we aren’t,
creating an “us vs. them” mindset
Need For Status, Self-Regard, And Belonging
To perceive ourselves as having status, we need people below us. Thus, one psychological benefit of prejudice, or of any status system, is a feeling of superiority
Terror Management Theory
people’s self-protective emotional and cognitive responses (including adhering more strongly to their cultural worldviews and prejudices) when confronted with reminders of their mortality.
Spontaneous Categorization
tendency to classify people highlights our brain’s
instinct to create distinct groups, even when there are variations
Output homogeneity effect
perception of outgroup members as more similar to one another than are ingroup members. Thus “they are alike; we are diverse
Own-race bias
tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of their own race
Own-age bias
tendency for both children and older adults to more accurately identify faces from their own ace groups
Stigma consciousness
person’s expectations of being victimized by prejudice or discrimination
Vivid Cases
Refer to instances that stand out due to their striking, unusual, or emotionally impactful nature
availability heuristic
where people judge the frequency or likelihood of events based on how easily examples come to mind
Distinctive Events Foster Illusory Correlations
Tendency for people to perceive a relationship between two unusual or memorable events, even if no actual association exists
Illusory correlations
occur when individuals overestimate the frequency or significance of co-occurrences between rare or notable events
Attribution Theory
explores how people explain the behavior of themselves and others, categorizing explanations as either; Dispositional attribution, Situational attribution, Group-Serving Bias
Dispositional attribution
Attributing behavior to internal traits or characteristics
(e.g., personality
Situational attribution
Attributing behavior to external circumstances or
environmental factors
Group-Serving Bias
refers to a tendency to favor one’s own group when making attributions for behavior or events
The Just-World Phenomenon
where people tend to believe that the world is inherently fair and that people get what they deserve
Self-Perpetuating Prejudgments
- Subtyping
- Subgrouping
Subtyping
Accommodating individuals who deviate from one’s stereotype by thinking of them as “exceptions to the rule
Subgrouping
Accommodating individuals who deviate from one’s stereotype by forming a new stereotype about this subset of the group
Stereotype Threat
A self-confirming apprehension that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
Stereotype threat situations have immediate
effects…
performance deficits and disidentification
