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Social Psychology > 1. Social Influence > Flashcards

1. Social Influence Flashcards

1
Q

Natural Selection

A

Evolutionary process by which heritable traits that best enable organisms to survive and reproduce in particular environments are passed to ensuing generations

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2
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

Study of the evolution of cognition and behavior using principles of natural selection

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3
Q

Cultural Perspective highlights?

A

human adaptability

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4
Q

Culture

A

Enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

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5
Q

Role

A

A set of norms that defines how people in a given social position ought to behave

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6
Q

Epigenetics

A

A field of research exploring the expression of genes across different environments

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7
Q

Norms

A

Standard for accepted and expected behavior and prescribes proper behavior

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8
Q

Examples of Variations in Norms

A

1) Individual Choices
2. Expressiveness
3. Punctuality
4. Rule-Breaking
5. Personal Space

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9
Q

Individual Choices

A

Varies how the self (individualistic) or others (collectivist) are emphasized in society

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10
Q

Expressiveness

A

Varies how expressiveness is perceived, either
positively or negatively

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11
Q

Punctuality

A

Varies how punctuality is valued

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12
Q

Norms are important to all cultures, however they are much more valued in ___ and _____ cultures

A

Norms are important to all cultures, however they are much more valued in traditional and collectivist cultures

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13
Q

Personal Space. T or F

1) Adults maintain more distance than children
2) Women keep more distance than men

A

1) T
2) F

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14
Q

Essential Universality

A

processes that underlie our differing cultures/behaviors are the same because we are all humans

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15
Q

Theory of Mind

A

exhibited by children (age 4-5) where they can infer what others are thinking

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16
Q

Examples of Universality

A
  1. Universal Friendship Norms
  2. Universal Trait Dimensions
  3. Universal Social Belief Dimensions
  4. Universal Status Norms
  5. The Incest Taboo
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17
Q

Male-Female Differences: Independence vs. Connected (Play)

A

● Girls play in smaller groups, often talking intimately with one friend; boys usually do larger group activities, and often play more aggressively
● Sex differences increase as boys play with boys
and girls play with girls

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18
Q

Male-Female Differences: Independence vs. Connected (Friendship)

A

● Men focus more on tasks and on connections with large groups; women focus on personal rxships
● Both men and women report friendships with women as more intimate, enjoyable, and nurturing

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19
Q

Male-Female Differences: Independence vs Connectedness (Vocations)

A

Women are more interested in jobs that deals with people; men with jobs related to things

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20
Q

Male-Female Differences: Independence vs Connectedness (Family Relations)

A

● Following a child’s birth, parents become more traditional in gender-related attitudes & behaviors
● Women’s roles as mothers, daughters, sisters, and grandmothers bind families together

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21
Q

Male-Female Differences: Independence vs Connectedness (Smiling)

A

● Females were more often found smiling
● Women’s connectedness with other people is generally expressed through smiling

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22
Q

Male-Female Differences: Independence vs Connectedness

A
  • PLay
  • Friendship
  • Vocations
  • Family relations
  • Smiling
  • Empathy
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23
Q

Empathy

A

vicarious experience of another’s feelings; putting oneself in another’s shoes

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24
Q

aggression

A

physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone

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25
Men in Aggression
● Hunting, fighting, and warring are globally and primarily male activities ● Globally and at all ages, men much more often injure others with physical aggression
26
Women in Aggression
● Women are more likely to commit indirect aggressive acts (e.g., spreading malicious gossip
27
Gender gap shrinks in aggression when
1) ) people are provoked (2) in the context of less assaultive forms of aggression (e.g., slapping a family member and verbally attacking someone)
28
Culture cycle
We are culturally shaped culture shapers
29
Gender roles
set of behavior expectations (norms) for males and females
30
Gender socialization gives girls “___”; boys “___"
Gender socialization gives girls “roots”; boys “wings"
31
Gender Roles Vary with?
- Culture - over Time
32
“The Nature Assumption” (Judith Rich Harris)
emphasizes how parental nurture/child rearing influences who children become
33
variation in personality is attributed to...
~50% Genetics 0-10% Shared environment Remaining… Peer influence
34
Minorities
Minorities can not be defined merely by the numerical size of a group of people but in their social position
35
Criteria for Defining Minorities
1. Subordinate segments of complex state societies 2. Minorities have special physical or cultural traits which are held in low esteem by the dominant segments of the society 3. Minorities are self-conscious units bound together by the special traits which their members share and by the special disabilities which these bring 4. Membership in a minority is transmitted by a rule of descent which is capable of affiliating succeeding generations even in the absence of readily apparent special cultural or physical traits 5. Minority peoples, by choice or necessity, tend to marry within the group
36
Ingroup
social category or group with which one identifies strongly
37
Outgroup
A social category or group with which one does not identify
38
Intersectionality
● Coined by Kimberlé Crenshaw ● Intellectual framework for understanding how various aspects of individual identity (race, gender, social class, sexuality, etc.) interact to create unique experiences of privilege and oppression
39
SOGIESC Model
serves as a broad-based understanding and appreciation of diversity in SOGIESC as a natural aspect of human sexuality
40
Sexual Orientation
● A person’s inherent and enduring capacity for emotional, romantic, or sexual attraction
41
Gender Identity
● A person’s deeply felt internal and individual experience of gender
42
Gender Expression
External appearance of a person’s gender
43
Sex Characteristics
Categorized into primary (present at birth) and secondary (develop during puberty)
44
3 Levels of Sexual Identity Development
1) Psychological (Identity Awareness, Acknowledgement, & Acceptance) 2) Interpersonal Self-Disclosure & Interpersonal Relationships 3) Collective (Construction of a Group Identity)
45
Interpersonal Level of Sexual Identity Development
● Disclosure can generally provide many socio-psychological benefits in the long-term ○ Can facilitate social support from like-minded and sympathetic others ○ This can protect against minority stressors and facilitate positive sense of self
46
National/Ethnic
Shared nationality or ethnicity, which differs from that of the majority population
47
Religious
Shared religious identity, which differs from that of what the majority population is practicing
48
Linguistic
Shared language, which differs from what the majority population is speaking
49
Cultural
Shared cultural identity, which differs from what the majority population is practicing
50
Cultural Diffusion
● Coined by Edward Tylor (cultural anthropologist) ● Describes the human process of transferring elements of culture between societies
51
Cultural Appropriation
Unacknowledged and inappropriate adoption of the customs, practices, ideas of one people or society by members of another and typically more dominant people or society
52
African American Vernacular English
○ A dialect of American English spoken frequently in the Black community
53
Social Change
Occurs when society’s values, beliefs, norms, and operating methods change over time
54
Minority Influence
occurs when a minority group impacts the majority’s beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors
55
Process of Creating Social Change
1. Minority is in direct opposition to the majority's views and current social norms, it is not accepted by society and can be met with resistance 2. Process of conversion occurs; views of the majority members are slowly changed 3. Snowball effect occurs; more people start to convert their views 4. Minority becomes the majority and the previous social norms shift 5. Social Cryptomnesia: minority ideas become social truth; through full integration, society will likely forget the previous status quo
56
3 Determinants of Minority Influence
1. Consistency – minority group believes in a clear set of values and beliefs that do not suddenly change or contradict 2. Flexibility – minority's willingness to compromise 3. Commitment – perception that a group is serious about its beliefs and willing to initiate and implement change
57
Curb-Cut Effect
Illustrates the outsize benefits that accrue to everyone from policies and investments designed to achieve equity, such as innovation for people with disabilities
58
Interaction of Evolution and culture
Evolution and culture are not competitors - a relationship in which the effect of one factor (e.g., biology) depends on another factor (e.g., environment
59
Behavior is mostly initiated by __ then accentuated by ___
Behavior is mostly initiated by biology then accentuated by culture
60
T or F 1. Genetics and the environment do not interact and influence one another 2. Evolution is genetic determinism
1. False Genetics and the environment both interact and influence one another 2. False. Evolution is not genetic determinism
61
Epigenetics
field of research exploring the expression of genes across different environments

Social Psychology (9 decks)

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