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Social Psychology > 1. Social Influence > Flashcards

1. Social Influence Flashcards

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1
Q

Natural Selection

A

Evolutionary process by which heritable traits that best enable organisms to survive and reproduce in particular environments are passed to ensuing generations

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2
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

Study of the evolution of cognition and behavior using principles of natural selection

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3
Q

Cultural Perspective highlights?

A

human adaptability

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4
Q

Culture

A

Enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

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5
Q

Role

A

A set of norms that defines how people in a given social position ought to behave

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6
Q

Epigenetics

A

A field of research exploring the expression of genes across different environments

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7
Q

Norms

A

Standard for accepted and expected behavior and prescribes proper behavior

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8
Q

Examples of Variations in Norms

A

1) Individual Choices
2. Expressiveness
3. Punctuality
4. Rule-Breaking
5. Personal Space

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9
Q

Individual Choices

A

Varies how the self (individualistic) or others (collectivist) are emphasized in society

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10
Q

Expressiveness

A

Varies how expressiveness is perceived, either
positively or negatively

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11
Q

Punctuality

A

Varies how punctuality is valued

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12
Q

Norms are important to all cultures, however they are much more valued in ___ and _____ cultures

A

Norms are important to all cultures, however they are much more valued in traditional and collectivist cultures

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13
Q

Personal Space. T or F

1) Adults maintain more distance than children
2) Women keep more distance than men

A

1) T
2) F

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14
Q

Essential Universality

A

processes that underlie our differing cultures/behaviors are the same because we are all humans

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15
Q

Theory of Mind

A

exhibited by children (age 4-5) where they can infer what others are thinking

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16
Q

Examples of Universality

A
  1. Universal Friendship Norms
  2. Universal Trait Dimensions
  3. Universal Social Belief Dimensions
  4. Universal Status Norms
  5. The Incest Taboo
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17
Q

Male-Female Differences: Independence vs. Connected (Play)

A

● Girls play in smaller groups, often talking intimately with one friend; boys usually do larger group activities, and often play more aggressively
● Sex differences increase as boys play with boys
and girls play with girls

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18
Q

Male-Female Differences: Independence vs. Connected (Friendship)

A

● Men focus more on tasks and on connections with large groups; women focus on personal rxships
● Both men and women report friendships with women as more intimate, enjoyable, and nurturing

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19
Q

Male-Female Differences: Independence vs Connectedness (Vocations)

A

Women are more interested in jobs that deals with people; men with jobs related to things

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20
Q

Male-Female Differences: Independence vs Connectedness (Family Relations)

A

● Following a child’s birth, parents become more traditional in gender-related attitudes & behaviors
● Women’s roles as mothers, daughters, sisters, and grandmothers bind families together

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21
Q

Male-Female Differences: Independence vs Connectedness (Smiling)

A

● Females were more often found smiling
● Women’s connectedness with other people is generally expressed through smiling

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22
Q

Male-Female Differences: Independence vs Connectedness

A
  • PLay
  • Friendship
  • Vocations
  • Family relations
  • Smiling
  • Empathy
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23
Q

Empathy

A

vicarious experience of another’s feelings; putting oneself in another’s shoes

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24
Q

aggression

A

physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone

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25
Q

Men in Aggression

A

● Hunting, fighting, and warring are globally and primarily male activities
● Globally and at all ages, men much more often injure others with physical aggression

26
Q

Women in Aggression

A

● Women are more likely to commit indirect aggressive acts (e.g., spreading malicious gossip

27
Q

Gender gap shrinks in aggression when

A

1) ) people are provoked
(2) in the context of less assaultive forms of aggression (e.g., slapping a family member and verbally attacking someone)

28
Q

Culture cycle

A

We are culturally shaped culture shapers

29
Q

Gender roles

A

set of behavior expectations (norms) for males and females

30
Q

Gender socialization gives girls “___”; boys “___”

A

Gender socialization gives girls “roots”; boys “wings”

31
Q

Gender Roles Vary with?

A
  • Culture
  • over Time
32
Q

“The Nature Assumption” (Judith Rich Harris)

A

emphasizes how parental nurture/child rearing influences who children become

33
Q

variation in personality is attributed to…

A

~50% Genetics
0-10% Shared environment
Remaining… Peer influence

34
Q

Minorities

A

Minorities can not be defined merely by the numerical size of a group of people but in their social position

35
Q

Criteria for Defining Minorities

A
  1. Subordinate segments of complex state societies
  2. Minorities have special physical or cultural traits which are held in low esteem by the dominant segments of the society
  3. Minorities are self-conscious units bound together
    by the special traits which their members share and by the special disabilities which these bring
  4. Membership in a minority is transmitted by a rule of
    descent which is capable of affiliating succeeding generations even in the absence of readily apparent special cultural or physical traits
  5. Minority peoples, by choice or necessity, tend to
    marry within the group
36
Q

Ingroup

A

social category or group with which one identifies strongly

37
Q

Outgroup

A

A social category or group with which one does not identify

38
Q

Intersectionality

A

● Coined by Kimberlé Crenshaw
● Intellectual framework for understanding how
various aspects of individual identity (race, gender, social class, sexuality, etc.) interact to create unique experiences of privilege and oppression

39
Q

SOGIESC Model

A

serves as a broad-based understanding and appreciation of diversity in SOGIESC as a natural aspect of human sexuality

40
Q

Sexual Orientation

A

● A person’s inherent and enduring capacity for emotional, romantic, or sexual attraction

41
Q

Gender Identity

A

● A person’s deeply felt internal and individual experience of gender

42
Q

Gender Expression

A

External appearance of a person’s gender

43
Q

Sex Characteristics

A

Categorized into primary (present at birth) and secondary (develop during puberty)

44
Q

3 Levels of Sexual Identity Development

A

1) Psychological (Identity Awareness, Acknowledgement, & Acceptance)
2) Interpersonal Self-Disclosure & Interpersonal Relationships
3) Collective (Construction of a Group Identity)

45
Q

Interpersonal Level of Sexual Identity Development

A

● Disclosure can generally provide many
socio-psychological benefits in the long-term
○ Can facilitate social support from like-minded and sympathetic others
○ This can protect against minority stressors and
facilitate positive sense of self

46
Q

National/Ethnic

A

Shared nationality or ethnicity, which differs from that of the majority population

47
Q

Religious

A

Shared religious identity, which differs from that of what the majority population is practicing

48
Q

Linguistic

A

Shared language, which differs from what the majority population is speaking

49
Q

Cultural

A

Shared cultural identity, which differs from what the majority population is practicing

50
Q

Cultural Diffusion

A

● Coined by Edward Tylor (cultural anthropologist)
● Describes the human process of transferring
elements of culture between societies

51
Q

Cultural Appropriation

A

Unacknowledged and inappropriate adoption of the
customs, practices, ideas of one people or society by members of another and typically more dominant people or society

52
Q

African American Vernacular English

A

○ A dialect of American English spoken frequently in
the Black community

53
Q

Social Change

A

Occurs when society’s values, beliefs, norms, and
operating methods change over time

54
Q

Minority Influence

A

occurs when a minority group impacts the majority’s beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors

55
Q

Process of Creating Social Change

A
  1. Minority is in direct opposition to the majority’s views and current social norms, it is not accepted by society and can be met with resistance
  2. Process of conversion occurs; views of the majority members are slowly changed
  3. Snowball effect occurs; more people start to convert their views
  4. Minority becomes the majority and the previous social norms shift
  5. Social Cryptomnesia: minority ideas become social truth; through full integration, society will likely forget the previous status quo
56
Q

3 Determinants of Minority Influence

A
  1. Consistency – minority group believes in a clear set of values and beliefs that do not suddenly change or contradict
  2. Flexibility – minority’s willingness to compromise
  3. Commitment – perception that a group is serious about its beliefs and willing to initiate and implement change
57
Q

Curb-Cut Effect

A

Illustrates the outsize benefits that accrue to everyone from policies and investments designed to achieve equity, such as innovation for people with disabilities

58
Q

Interaction of Evolution and culture

A

Evolution and culture are not competitors
- a relationship in which the effect of one factor (e.g., biology) depends on another factor (e.g., environment

59
Q

Behavior is mostly initiated by __ then accentuated by ___

A

Behavior is mostly initiated by biology then accentuated by culture

60
Q

T or F

  1. Genetics and the environment do not interact and
    influence one another
  2. Evolution is genetic determinism
A
  1. False Genetics and the environment both interact and
    influence one another
  2. False. Evolution is not genetic determinism
61
Q

Epigenetics

A

field of research exploring the expression of genes across different environments

Social Psychology (9 decks)

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