9 Sleep And Biological Rhythms

Question 0

Electro-oculogram (EOG)

Answer 0

Electrical potential from the eyes, recorded by means of electrodes placed on the skin around them; text I movements.

Question 1

Electromyogram (EMG)

Answer 1

Electrical potential recorded from electrode placed on or in a muscle.

Question 2

Alpha activity

Answer 2

Smooth electrical activity of 8 to 12 Hz recorded from the brain; generally associated with the state of relaxation.

Question 3

Beta activity

Answer 3

Irregular electrical activity 13 to 30 Hz recorded from the brain; generally associated with the state of arousal.

Question 4

Theta activity

Answer 4

EEG activity 3.5 to 7.5 Hz that occurs intermittently during early stages of slow-wave sleep and REM sleep.

Question 5

Delta activity

Answer 5

Regular, synchronous electrical activity of less than 4 Hz recorded from the brain; occurs during the deepest stages of slow-way sleep.

Question 6

Slow-wave sleep

Answer 6

Non-REM sleep, characterized by synchronized eyes EEG activity during its deeper stages.

Question 7

Down state

Answer 7

period of inhibition during a slow oscillation during slow-wave sleep; neurons in the neo cortex are silent and resting.

Question 8

Up state

Answer 8

Period if excitation during the slow oscillation during slow-wave sleep; neurons in neocortex briefly fire at a high rate.

Question 9

REM sleep

Answer 9

Period of desynchronized EEG activity during sleep, at which time dreaming, rapid eye movements, and muscular paralysis occurs; also called paradoxical sleep.

Question 10

Non-REM sleep

Answer 10

All stages of sleep except REM sleep.

Question 11

Sleep apnea

Answer 11

Cessation of breathing while sleeping.

Question 12

Narcolepsy

Answer 12

Sleep disorder characterized by periods of irresistible sleep, attacks of cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations.

Question 13

Sleep attack

Answer 13

Irresistible urge to sleep during the day, after which the person awakens feeling refreshed. (Symptom of narcolepsy)

Question 14

Cataplexy

Answer 14

Complete paralysis that occurs during waking. (Symptom of narcolepsy)

Question 15

Sleep paralysis

Answer 15

Paralysis occurring just before a person falls asleep. (Symptom of narcolepsy)

Question 16

Hypnagogic hallucination

Answer 16

Vivid dreams that occur just before person falls asleep; accompanied by sleep paralysis. (Symptom of narcolepsy)

Question 17

Orexin

Answer 17

Peptide, also known as hypocretin, produced by neurons whose cell bodies are located in the hypothalamus; their destruction causes narcolepsy.

Question 18

REM sleep behavior disorder

Answer 18

Neurological disorder in which the person does not become paralyzed during REM sleep and thus acts out dreams.

Question 19

Sleep-related eating disorder

Answer 19

Disorder in which the person leaves his or her bed and seeks out and eats food while sleepwalking, usually without a memory for the episode next day.

Question 20

Fatal familial insomnia

Answer 20

Fatal inherited disorder characterized by progressive insomnia.

Question 21

Rebound phenomenon

Answer 21

Increased frequency or intensity of a phenomenon after it has been temporarily suppressed; for example, the increasing rent sleep seen after a period of REM sleep deprivation.

Question 22

Adenosine

Answer 22

Neuromodulator that is released by neurons engaging in high levels of metabolic activity, may play a primary role in the initiation of sleep.

Question 23

Locus coeruleous (LC)

Answer 23

Dark-colored group of noradrenergic cell bodies located in the pons near the rostral end of the floor of the fourth ventricle; involved in arousal and vigilance.

Question 24

Raphe nuclei

Answer 24

Group of nuclei located in the reticular formation of the medulla, pons, and midbrain, situated along the midline; contain serotoninergic neurons.

Question 25

Histamine

Answer 25

Neurotransmitter synthesized from the amino acid histidine; plays an important role in maintenance of wakefulness and arousal.

Question 26

Tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN)

Answer 26

Nucleus in the ventral posterior hypothalamus, just rostral to the mammillary bodies; contains histaminergic neurons involved in cortical activation and behavioral arousal.

Question 27

Ventrolateral preoptic area (vlPOA)

Answer 27

Group of GABAergic neurons in the preoptic area whose activity suppresses alertness and behavioral arousal and promote sleep.

Question 28

Sublaterodorsal nucleus (SLD)

Answer 28

Region of the dorsal pons, just ventral to the locus coeruleous, that contains REM-ON neurons; part of the REM flip-flop.

Question 29

Ventrolateral periaqueductal gray matter (vlPAG)

Answer 29

Region of the dorsal midbrain, that contains REM-OFF neurons, part of the REM flip-flop.

Question 30

Circadian rhythm

Answer 30

Daily rhythmical changing behavior or physiological process.

Question 31

Zeitgeber

Answer 31

Stimulus (usually the light of dawn) that resets the biological clock that is responsible for circadian rhythms.

Question 32

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SEM)

Answer 32

Nucleus that is situated atop the optic chiasm. It contains a biological clock that is responsible for organizing many of the body’s circadian rhythms.

Question 33

Melanopsin

Answer 33

Photopigment present in ganglion cells in the retina whose actions transmits information to the SCN, the thalamus, and the olivary pretectal nuclei.

Question 34

Advanced sleep phase syndrome

Answer 34

4-hour advance in rhythms of sleep and temperature cycles, apparently caused by a mutation of a gene (per2) involved in the rhythmicity of neurons of the SCN.

Question 35

Delayed sleep phase syndrome

Answer 35

4-hour delay and rhythms of sleep in temperature cycles, possibly caused by a mutation of a gene (per3) involved in the rhythmicity of neurons of the SCN.

Question 36

Pineal gland

Answer 36

Gland attached to the dorsal tectum; produces melatonin and plays a role in circadian and seasonal rhythms.

Question 37

Melatonin

Answer 37

Hormone secreted during the night of the pineal body; plays a role in circadian and seasonal rhythms.