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Physiology Of Behavior > 8 Control Of Movement > Flashcards

8 Control Of Movement Flashcards

0
Q

Flexion

A

A movement of the limbs that tends to bend its joints; the oppocite of extension.

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1
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

One of the striated muscles attached to the bones.

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2
Q

Extension

A

Movement of a limb that tends to straighten its joints; opposite of flexion.

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3
Q

Extrafusal muscle fiber

A

One of the muscle fibers that are responsible for the force exerted by contracting of a skeletal muscle.

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4
Q

Alpha motor neuron

A

Neuron whose axons forms synapses with extrafusal muscles fibers of a skeletal muscle; activation contract the muscle fibers.

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5
Q

Intrafusal muscle fiber

A

A muscle fiber that functions as a stretch receptor, arrange parallel to the extrafusal muscle fibers, just detecting changes in muscle length.

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6
Q

Gamma motor neuron

A

Neuron whose axons form synapses with intrafusal muscle fibers.

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7
Q

Motor unit

A

Motor neuron and its associated muscle fibers.

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8
Q

Myofibril

A

Element of muscle fibers that consist of overlapping strands of actin and myosin; responsible for muscular contractions.

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9
Q

Actin

A

One of the proteins (with myosin) that provide the physical basis for muscular contraction.

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10
Q

Myosin

A

One of the proteins (with actin) that provides the physical basis for muscular contraction.

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11
Q

Striated muscle

A

Skeletal muscle; muscle that contains striations.

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12
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

Synapse between the terminal buttons of an axon and a muscle fiber.

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13
Q

Motor endplate

A

Postsynaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction.

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14
Q

Endplate potential

A

Postsynaptic potential that occurs in the motor endplate in response to release of acetylcholine by the terminal button.

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15
Q

Golgi tendon organ

A

Receptor organ at the junction of the tendon and muscle that is sensitive to stretch.

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16
Q

Monosynaptic stretch reflex

A

Reflects in which a muscle contracts in response to its being quickly stretched; involves a sensory neuron and a motor neuron, with one synapse between them.

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17
Q

Decerebrate

A

Describes an animal whose brainstem has been transected.

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18
Q

Decerebrate rigidity

A

Simultaneous contraction of agonistic and antagonistic muscles; caused by the cerebration or damage to the particular formation.

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19
Q

Clasp-knife reflex

A

Reflects that occurs when force is applied to flex or extend the limb of an animal showing decerebrate rigidity; resistance is replaced by sudden relaxation.

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20
Q

Somatotopic organization

A

Topographically organized mapping of parts of the body that are represented in a particular region of the brain.

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21
Q

Supplementary motor area (SMA)

A

Region of motor association cortex of the dorsal and dorsomedial frontal lobe, rostral to the primary motor cortex.

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22
Q

Premotor cortex

A

Region of motor association cortex of the lateral frontal lobe, rostral to the primary motor cortex.

23
Q

Lateral group

A

Corticospinal tract
Corticobulbar tract
Rubrospinal tract

24
Q

Ventromedial group

A

Vestibulospinal tract
Tectospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract
Ventral corticospinal tract

25
Q

Corticospinal tract

A

System of axons that originates in the motor cortex and terminates in the ventral gray matter of the spinal cord.

26
Q

Pyramidal tract

A

Portion of the corticospinal tract on the ventral border of the medulla.

27
Q

Lateral corticospinal tract

A

System of axons that originates in the motor cortex and terminates in the contralateral ventral gray matter of the spinal cord; controls movements of the distal limbs.

28
Q

Ventral corticospinal tract

A

System of axons that originates in the motor cortex and terminates in the ipsilateral eventual gray matter of the spinal cord; controls movements of the upper legs and trunk.

29
Q

Corticobulbar tract

A

Bundle of axons from the motor cortex to the fifth, seventh, ninth, 10th, 11th, and 12 cranial nerves; controls movements of the face, neck, tongue, and parts of the extraocular eye muscles.

30
Q

Rubrospinal tract

A

System of axons that travels from the red nucleus to the spinal cord; controls independent limb movements.

31
Q

Corticorubral tract

A

System of axons that travels from the motor cortex to the red nucleus.

32
Q

Vestibulospinal tract

A

Bundle of axons that travels from the vestibular nuclei to the gray matter of the spinal cord; controls postural movements in response to information from the vestibular system.

33
Q

Tectospinal tract

A

Bundle of axons that travels from the tectum to the spinal cord, coordinates head and trunk movements with eye movements.

34
Q

Reticulospinal tract

A

Bundle of axons a travel from the reticular formation to the gray matter of the spinal cord; controls the muscles responsible for postural movements.

35
Q

Mirror neurons

A

Neurons located in the ventral premotor cortex and inferior parietal lobule that respond when the individual makes a particular movement or sees another individual making that movement.

36
Q

Parietal reach region

A

Region in the medial posterior parietal cortex that plays a critical role in control of pointing or reaching with the hands.

37
Q

Apraxia

A

Difficulty in carrying out purposeful movements, in the absence of paralysis or muscular weakness.

38
Q

Constructional apraxia

A

Difficulty in drawing pictures or diagrams or in making geometrical constructions of elements such as building blocks or stick; caused by damage to the right parietal lobe.

39
Q

Caudate nucleus

A

Telencephalic nucleus, one of the input nuclei of the basal ganglia; involved with control of voluntary movement.

40
Q

Putamen

A

Telencephalic nucleus; one of the input nuclei of the basal ganglia; involved with control of voluntary movement.

41
Q

Globus pallidus

A

Telencephalic nucleus; primary output nucleus of the basal ganglia; involved with control of voluntary movement.

42
Q

Ventral anterior nucleus (of thalamus)

A

Thalamic nucleus that receives projections from the basal ganglia and sends projections to the motor cortex.

43
Q

Ventrolateral nucleus (of thalamus)

A

Thalamic nucleus that receives projections from the basal ganglia and send projections to the motor cortex.

44
Q

Subthalamic nucleus

A

Nucleus located ventral to the thalamus, an important part of the subcortical motor system that includes the basal ganglia, a target of deep-brain stimulation for treatment of Parkinson’s disease.

45
Q

Direct pathway (in basal ganglia)

A

Pathway that includes the caudate nucleus and putamen, the internal division of the globus pallidus, and ventral anterior/ventrolateral thalamic nuclei; has an excitatory effect on movement.

46
Q

Indirect pathway (in basal ganglia)

A

Pathway that includes the caudate nucleus and putamen, the external division of the globus pallidus, the subthalamic nucleus, the internal division of the globus pallidus, and the ventral interior/ventrolateral thalamic nuclei; has an inhibitory effect on movement.

47
Q

Hyperdirect pathway

A

Excitatory pathway from that pre-SMA to the subthalamic nucleus that increases the activity of the GPi and appears to play a role in preventing or quickly stopping movements that are being initiated by the direct pathway.

48
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

Fatal inherited disorder that causes degeneration of the caudate nucleus and putamen; characterized by uncontrollable jerking movements, riveting movements, and dementia.

49
Q

Flocculonodular lobe

A

Region of the cerebellum; involved in control of postural reflexes.

50
Q

Vermis

A

Portion of the cerebellum located at the midline; receive somatosensory information and helps to control the vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracks through its connections with the fastigial nucleus.

51
Q

Interposed nuclei

A

Set of deep cerebellar nuclei; involved in the control of the rubrospinal system.

52
Q

Pontine nucleus

A

Large nucleus in the pons that serves as an important source of input to the cerebellum.

53
Q

Dentate nucleus

A

Deep cerebellar nucleus; involved in the control of rapid, skilled movements by the cortical spinal and rubrospinal systems.

54
Q

Mesencephalic locomotor region

A

A region of the reticular formation of the midbrain whose stimulation causes alternating movements of the limbs normally seen during locomotion.

Physiology Of Behavior (15 decks)

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