12 Ingested Behavior

Question 0

Ingestive behavior

Answer 0

Eating or drinking.

Question 1

Homeostasis

Answer 1

Process by which the body’s substances and characteristics (such as temperature and glucose level) are maintained at their optimal level.

Question 2

System variable

Answer 2

Variable that is controlled by a regulatory mechanism, such as temperature in a room.

Question 3

Set point

Answer 3

Optimal value of the system variable in a regulatory mechanism.

Question 4

Detector

Answer 4

In a regulatory process, a mechanism that signals when the system variable deviates from its setpoint.

Question 5

Correctional mechanism

Answer 5

In a regulatory process, the mechanism that is capable of changing the value of the system variable.

Question 6

Negative feedback

Answer 6

Process whereby the effect produced by an action serves to diminish or terminate that action; a characteristic of records were systems.

Question 7

Satiety mechanism

Answer 7

Brain mechanism that causes cessation of hunger or thirst, produced by adequate and available supplies of nutrients and water.

Question 8

Intracellular fluid

Answer 8

Fluid contained within cells.

Question 9

Extracellular fluid

Answer 9

All body fluids outside cells: interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid.

Question 10

Intravascular fluid

Answer 10

Fluid found within the blood vessels.

Question 11

Interstitial fluid

Answer 11

Fluid that bathes the cells, filling the space between the cells of the body (the “interstices”).

Question 12

Isotonic

Answer 12

Equal in osmotic pressure to the contents of the cell. Cell placed in isotonic solution neither gains or loses water.

Question 13

Hypertonic

Answer 13

Characteristic of a solution that contains enough salute that it will draw water out of the cell placed in it, through the process of osmosis.

Question 14

Hypotonic

Answer 14

Characteristic of a solution that contains a little solid that is so placed in it will absorb water, through the process of osmosis.

Question 15

Hypovolemia

Answer 15

Reduction in the volume of the intravascular fluid.

Question 16

Osmometric thirst

Answer 16

Thirst produced by an increase in the osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid relative to the intracellular fluid, thus producing cellular dehydration.

Question 17

Osmoreceptor

Answer 17

Neuron that detects changes in the solute concentration of the interstitial fluid that surrounds it.

Question 18

OVLT (organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis)

Answer 18

Circumventicular organ located anterior to that anteroventral portion of the third ventricle; served by fenestrated capillaries and thus lacks a blood-brain barrier.

Question 19

Subfornical organ (SFO)

Answer 19

Small organ located in the confluence of the lateral ventricles, attached to the underside of the fornix; contains neurons that detect the presence of angiotensin in the blood and excite neural circuits that initiate drinking.

Question 20

Volumetric thirst

Answer 20

Thirst produced by hypovolemia.

Question 21

Renin

Answer 21

Hormone secreted by the kidneys that causes the conversion of angiotensinogen in the blood into angiotensin.

Question 22

Median preoptic nucleus

Answer 22

Small nucleus situated around the decussation of the anterior to commissure; plays a role in thirst stimulated by angiotensin.

Question 23

Glycogen

Answer 23

Polysaccharide often referred to as animal starch.

Stored in the liver and muscle.

Short-term store of nutrients.

Question 24

Insulin

Answer 24

Pancreatic hormone that facilitates entry of glucose and amino acids into cells, conversion of glucose into glycogen, and transport of fats into adipose tissue.

Question 25

Glucagon

Answer 25

Pancreatic hormone that promotes the conversion of liver glycogen into glucose.

Question 26

Triglyceride

Answer 26

Form of fat storage in adipose cells. Consists of a molecule of glycerol joined with three fatty acids.

Question 27

Glycerol

Answer 27

Substance (glycerine) derived from the breakdown of triglycerides, along with fatty acids. Can be converted by the liver into glucose.

Question 28

Fatty acid

Answer 28

Substance derived from breakdown of triglycerides, along with glycerol; can be metabolized by most cells of the body except for the brain.

Question 29

Fasting phase

Answer 29

Phase of metabolism during which nutrients are not available from the digestive system; glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids are derived from glycogen, protein, and adipose tissue during this phase.

Question 30

Absorptive phase

Answer 30

Phase of metabolism during which nutrients are absorbed from the digestive system; glucose and amino acids constitute the principle source of energy for cells during this phase, and excess nutrients are stored in adipose tissue in the form of triglycerides.

Question 31

Ghrelin

Answer 31

Peptide hormone released by the stomach that increases eating; also produced by neurons in the brain.

Question 32

Duodenum

Answer 32

First portion of the small intestine, attached directly to the stomach.

Question 33

Glucoprivation

Answer 33

Dramatic fall in the level of glucose available to cells; can be caused by a fall in one level of glucose or by drugs that inhibit glucose metabolism.

Question 34

Lipoprivation

Answer 34

Dramatic fall in the level of fatty acids available to cells; usually caused by drugs that inhibit fatty acid metabolism.

Question 35

Hepatic portal vein

Answer 35

Vein that transports blood from the digestive system to liver.

Question 36

Gastric fistula

Answer 36

Tube that drains out the contents of the stomach.

Question 37

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Answer 37

Hormone secreted by the duodenum that regulates gastric motility and causes the gallbladder (cholecyst) to contract; appears to provide satiety signal transmitted to the brain through the vagus nerve.

Question 38

Peptide YY 3-36 (PYY)

Answer 38

Peptide released by the gastrointestinal system after a meal in amounts proportional to the size of the meal.

Question 39

Ob mouse

Answer 39

Strain of mice whose obesity and low metabolic rates are caused by a mutation that prevents the production of leptin.

Question 40

Leptin

Answer 40

Hormone secreted by adipose tissue; decreases food intake increases metabolic rate: primarily by inhibiting NPY-secreting neurons in the arcuate nucleus.

Question 41

Decebration

Answer 41

Surgical procedure that severs the brainstem, disconnecting the hindbrain from the forebrain.

Question 42

Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH)

Answer 42

Peptide neurotransmitter found in a system of lateral hypothalamic neurons that stimulate appetite and reduce metabolic rate.

Question 43

Orexin

Answer 43

Peptide new transmitter found in the system of lateral hypothalamic neurons that stimulate appetite and reduce metabolic rate.

Question 44

Neuropeptide Y (NPY)

Answer 44

Peptide neurotransmitter found in the system of neurons of the arcuate nucleus that stimulate feeding, insulin and glucocorticoid secretion, decrease the breakdown of triglycerides, and decrease body temperature.

Question 45

Arcuate nucleus

Answer 45

Nucleus in the base of the hypothalamus that controls secretions of the anterior pituitary gland; contains NPY-secreting neurons involved in feeding in control of metabolism.

Question 46

Paraventricular nucleus (PVN)

Answer 46

Nucleus of the hypothalamus located adjacent to the dorsal third ventricle; contains neurons involved in control of autonomic nervous system and the posterior pituitary gland.

Question 47

Agouti-related protein (AGRP)

Answer 47

Neuropeptide the acts as antagonist at MC4 receptors increases eating.

Question 48

CART

Answer 48

Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript; peptide neurotransmitter found it a system of neurons of the arcuate nucleus that inhibit feeding.

Question 49

Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH)

Answer 49

Neuropeptide that acts as an agonist at MC4 receptors and inhibits eating.

Question 50

Melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R)

Answer 50

Receptor found in the brain that binds with alpha-MSH and a agouti-related protein; plays a role in good control of appetite.