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Physiology Of Behavior > 12 Ingested Behavior > Flashcards

12 Ingested Behavior Flashcards

0
Q

Ingestive behavior

A

Eating or drinking.

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1
Q

Homeostasis

A

Process by which the body’s substances and characteristics (such as temperature and glucose level) are maintained at their optimal level.

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2
Q

System variable

A

Variable that is controlled by a regulatory mechanism, such as temperature in a room.

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3
Q

Set point

A

Optimal value of the system variable in a regulatory mechanism.

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4
Q

Detector

A

In a regulatory process, a mechanism that signals when the system variable deviates from its setpoint.

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5
Q

Correctional mechanism

A

In a regulatory process, the mechanism that is capable of changing the value of the system variable.

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6
Q

Negative feedback

A

Process whereby the effect produced by an action serves to diminish or terminate that action; a characteristic of records were systems.

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7
Q

Satiety mechanism

A

Brain mechanism that causes cessation of hunger or thirst, produced by adequate and available supplies of nutrients and water.

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8
Q

Intracellular fluid

A

Fluid contained within cells.

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9
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

All body fluids outside cells: interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid.

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10
Q

Intravascular fluid

A

Fluid found within the blood vessels.

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11
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

Fluid that bathes the cells, filling the space between the cells of the body (the “interstices”).

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12
Q

Isotonic

A

Equal in osmotic pressure to the contents of the cell. Cell placed in isotonic solution neither gains or loses water.

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13
Q

Hypertonic

A

Characteristic of a solution that contains enough salute that it will draw water out of the cell placed in it, through the process of osmosis.

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14
Q

Hypotonic

A

Characteristic of a solution that contains a little solid that is so placed in it will absorb water, through the process of osmosis.

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15
Q

Hypovolemia

A

Reduction in the volume of the intravascular fluid.

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16
Q

Osmometric thirst

A

Thirst produced by an increase in the osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid relative to the intracellular fluid, thus producing cellular dehydration.

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17
Q

Osmoreceptor

A

Neuron that detects changes in the solute concentration of the interstitial fluid that surrounds it.

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18
Q

OVLT (organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis)

A

Circumventicular organ located anterior to that anteroventral portion of the third ventricle; served by fenestrated capillaries and thus lacks a blood-brain barrier.

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19
Q

Subfornical organ (SFO)

A

Small organ located in the confluence of the lateral ventricles, attached to the underside of the fornix; contains neurons that detect the presence of angiotensin in the blood and excite neural circuits that initiate drinking.

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20
Q

Volumetric thirst

A

Thirst produced by hypovolemia.

21
Q

Renin

A

Hormone secreted by the kidneys that causes the conversion of angiotensinogen in the blood into angiotensin.

22
Q

Median preoptic nucleus

A

Small nucleus situated around the decussation of the anterior to commissure; plays a role in thirst stimulated by angiotensin.

23
Q

Glycogen

A

Polysaccharide often referred to as animal starch.

Stored in the liver and muscle.

Short-term store of nutrients.

24
Q

Insulin

A

Pancreatic hormone that facilitates entry of glucose and amino acids into cells, conversion of glucose into glycogen, and transport of fats into adipose tissue.

25
Q

Glucagon

A

Pancreatic hormone that promotes the conversion of liver glycogen into glucose.

26
Q

Triglyceride

A

Form of fat storage in adipose cells.

Consists of a molecule of glycerol joined with three fatty acids.

27
Q

Glycerol

A

Substance (glycerine) derived from the breakdown of triglycerides, along with fatty acids. Can be converted by the liver into glucose.

28
Q

Fatty acid

A

Substance derived from breakdown of triglycerides, along with glycerol; can be metabolized by most cells of the body except for the brain.

29
Q

Fasting phase

A

Phase of metabolism during which nutrients are not available from the digestive system; glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids are derived from glycogen, protein, and adipose tissue during this phase.

30
Q

Absorptive phase

A

Phase of metabolism during which nutrients are absorbed from the digestive system; glucose and amino acids constitute the principle source of energy for cells during this phase, and excess nutrients are stored in adipose tissue in the form of triglycerides.

31
Q

Ghrelin

A

Peptide hormone released by the stomach that increases eating; also produced by neurons in the brain.

32
Q

Duodenum

A

First portion of the small intestine, attached directly to the stomach.

33
Q

Glucoprivation

A

Dramatic fall in the level of glucose available to cells; can be caused by a fall in one level of glucose or by drugs that inhibit glucose metabolism.

34
Q

Lipoprivation

A

Dramatic fall in the level of fatty acids available to cells; usually caused by drugs that inhibit fatty acid metabolism.

35
Q

Hepatic portal vein

A

Vein that transports blood from the digestive system to liver.

36
Q

Gastric fistula

A

Tube that drains out the contents of the stomach.

37
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

Hormone secreted by the duodenum that regulates gastric motility and causes the gallbladder (cholecyst) to contract; appears to provide satiety signal transmitted to the brain through the vagus nerve.

38
Q

Peptide YY 3-36 (PYY)

A

Peptide released by the gastrointestinal system after a meal in amounts proportional to the size of the meal.

39
Q

Ob mouse

A

Strain of mice whose obesity and low metabolic rates are caused by a mutation that prevents the production of leptin.

40
Q

Leptin

A

Hormone secreted by adipose tissue; decreases food intake increases metabolic rate: primarily by inhibiting NPY-secreting neurons in the arcuate nucleus.

41
Q

Decebration

A

Surgical procedure that severs the brainstem, disconnecting the hindbrain from the forebrain.

42
Q

Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH)

A

Peptide neurotransmitter found in a system of lateral hypothalamic neurons that stimulate appetite and reduce metabolic rate.

43
Q

Orexin

A

Peptide new transmitter found in the system of lateral hypothalamic neurons that stimulate appetite and reduce metabolic rate.

44
Q

Neuropeptide Y (NPY)

A

Peptide neurotransmitter found in the system of neurons of the arcuate nucleus that stimulate feeding, insulin and glucocorticoid secretion, decrease the breakdown of triglycerides, and decrease body temperature.

45
Q

Arcuate nucleus

A

Nucleus in the base of the hypothalamus that controls secretions of the anterior pituitary gland; contains NPY-secreting neurons involved in feeding in control of metabolism.

46
Q

Paraventricular nucleus (PVN)

A

Nucleus of the hypothalamus located adjacent to the dorsal third ventricle; contains neurons involved in control of autonomic nervous system and the posterior pituitary gland.

47
Q

Agouti-related protein (AGRP)

A

Neuropeptide the acts as antagonist at MC4 receptors increases eating.

48
Q

CART

A

Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript; peptide neurotransmitter found it a system of neurons of the arcuate nucleus that inhibit feeding.

49
Q

Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH)

A

Neuropeptide that acts as an agonist at MC4 receptors and inhibits eating.

50
Q

Melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R)

A

Receptor found in the brain that binds with alpha-MSH and a agouti-related protein; plays a role in good control of appetite.

Physiology Of Behavior (15 decks)

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