6 Vision

Question 0

Sensory transduction

Answer 0

The process by which sensory stimuli are transduced into slow, graded receptor potentials.

Question 1

Sensory receptor

Answer 1

Specialized neuron that detects a particular category of physical events.

Question 2

Receptor potential

Answer 2

Slow, graded electrical potential produced by a receptor cell response to a physical stimulus.

Question 3

Hue

Answer 3

dominant wavelength.

Question 4

Brightness

Answer 4

Intensity

Question 5

Saturation

Answer 5

Purity

Question 6

vergence movement

Answer 6

Cooperative movement of the eyes, which ensures that the image of an object falls on identical portions of both retinas.

Question 7

Saccadic movement

Answer 7

Rapid, jerky movements of the eyes using scanning a visual scene.

Question 8

Pursued movement

Answer 8

Movement that the eyes make to maintain an image of a moving object on the phobia.

Question 9

Accommodation

Answer 9

Changes in the thickness of the lens of the eye, accomplished by this ciliary muscles, that focus images of near or distant objects on the retina.

Question 10

Retina

Answer 10

Neural tissue in photoreceptor cells located on the inner surface of the posterior portion of the eye.

Question 11

Rod

Answer 11

One of the receptor cells of the retina, sensitive to light of low intensity.

Question 12

Cone

Answer 12

Maximally sensitive to one of three different wavelengths of light and hence encodes color vision.

Question 13

Photoreceptor

Answer 13

Transducers photic energy into electrical potentials.

Question 14

Fovea

Answer 14

Region of the retina that mediates the most acute visions of birds and higher animals. Color-sensitive cones constitute the only type of photoreceptor found in the fovea.

Question 15

Optic disc

Answer 15

Location of the exit point from the retina of the fibers of the ganglion cell deforming optical nerve, responsible for the blind spot.

Question 16

Bipolar cell

Answer 16

Bipolar neuron located in the middle layer of the retina, conveying information from the photo receptors to the ganglion cells.

Question 17

Ganglion cell

Answer 17

Neuron located in the retina that receives visual information from bipolar cells, its axons give rise to the optic nerve.

Question 18

Horizontal cell

Answer 18

Neuron in the retina that interconnects adjacent photoreceptors and the outer processes of the bipolar cells.

Question 19

amacrine cell

Answer 19

Neuron in the retina that interconnects adjacent ganglion cells and the inner processes of the bipolar cells.

Question 20

Lamella

Answer 20

Layer of membrane containing photo pigment; found in rods and cones of the retina.

Question 21

Photopigment

Answer 21

Protein dye bonded to retinal, a substance derived from vitamin A; responsible for transduction of visual information.

Question 22

Opsin

Answer 22

Class of protein that, together with retinal, constitutes the photopigments.

Question 23

Retinal

Answer 23

Chemical synthesized from vitamin A; joins with an option to form a photopigment.

Question 24

Rhodopsin

Answer 24

Particular opsin found in rods.

Question 25

Dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

Answer 25

Group of cell bodies within the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus; receives inputs from the retina and projects to the primary visual cortex.

Question 26

Magnocellular layer

Answer 26

One of the inner two layers of neurons in the dorsolateral geniculate nucleus; transmits information necessary for the perception of form, movement, depth, and small differences and brightness to the primary visual cortex.

Question 27

Parvocellular layer

Answer 27

One of the four the outer layers of neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus; transmits information necessary for perception of color and find details to the primary visual cortex.

Question 28

koniocellular sublayer

Answer 28

One of the settlers of neurons in the dorsolateral geniculate nucleus found ventral to each of the magnocellular and parvocellular layers; transmit information from short-wavelength ("blue") cones to the primary visual cortex.

Question 29

Calcarine fissure

Answer 29

Horizontal fissure on the inner surface of the posterior cerebral cortex; location of the primary visual cortex.

Question 30

Striate cortex

Answer 30

Primary visual cortex

Question 31

Optic chiasm

Answer 31

Cross-shaped connection between the optic nerves, located below the base of the brain, just anterior to the pituitary gland.

Question 32

Receptive field

Answer 32

Portion of the visual field in which the presentation of visual stimuli will produce an alteration in the firing rate of a particular neuron.

Question 33

Protanopia

Answer 33

Inherited form of defective color vision in which red and green hues are confused, red cones are filled with green cone opsin.

Question 34

Deuteranopia

Answer 34

Inherited form of defective color vision which red and green hues are confused; green cones are filled with red cone opsin.

Question 35

Tritanopia

Answer 35

Inherited form of defective color vision which use with short wavelengths are confused; blue cones are either lacking or faulty.

Question 36

Negative afterimage

Answer 36

Image seen after portion of the retina is exposed to an intense visual stimulus; consist of colors complementary to those of the physical stimulus.

Question 37

Complementary colors

Answer 37

Colors that make white or gray mixed together.

Question 38

Simple cell

Answer 38

Orientation-sensitive neuron in the striate cortex was receptive field is organized in opponent fashion.

Question 39

Complex cell

Answer 39

Neuron in the visual cortex that response to the presence of a line segment with a particular orientation located within its receptive field, especially when the line moves perpendicularly to its orientation.

Question 40

Hypercomplex cell

Answer 40

Neuron in the visual cortex that responds to the presence of a line segment with a particular orientation that ends at a particular point within the cell's receptive field.

Question 41

Sine-wave grating

Answer 41

Series of straight parallel bands very continuously in brightness according to a sine-wave function, along the line perpendicular to their lengths.

Question 42

Spatial frequency

Answer 42

The relative with of the bands in a sine wave grating, measured in cycles per degree of visual angle.

Question 43

Retinal disparity

Answer 43

The fact that points on objects located at different distances from the observer will fall on slightly different locations on the two retinas; provides the basis for stereopsis.

Question 44

Cytochrome oxidase (CO) blob

Answer 44

Central region of a module of the primary visual cortex, revealed by a stain for cytochrome oxidase; contains wavelengths-sensitive neurons; part of the parvocellular system.

Question 45

Ocular dominance

Answer 45

Extent to which a particular neuron receives more input from one eye than the other.

Question 46

Extrastiate cortex

Answer 46

Region of visual association cortex; receives fibers from the striate cortex and from the superior colliculi and projects to the inferior temporal cortex.

Question 47

Dorsal stream

Answer 47

System of interconnected regions of visual cortex involved in the perception of spatial location, beginning with the striate cortex and ending with the posterior parietal cortex.

Question 48

Ventral stream

Answer 48

System of interconnected regions of visual cortex involved in the perception of form, beginning with the striate cortex and ending with the inferior temporal cortex.

Question 49

Inferior temporal cortex

Answer 49

Highest level of the ventral stream of the visual association cortex; involved in perception of objects, including people's bodies and faces.

Question 50

Posterior parietal cortex

Answer 50

Highest level of the dorsal stream of the visual association cortex; involved in perception of movement and spatial location.

Question 51

Color constancy

Answer 51

The relatively constant appearance of the colors of objects viewed under varying lighting conditions.

Question 52

Cerebral achromatopsia

Answer 52

Inability to discriminate among different hues; caused by damage to area V8 of the visual association cortex.

Question 53

Visual agnosia

Answer 53

Deficits in visual perception in the absence of blindness; caused by brain damage.

Question 54

Lateral occipital complex (LOC)

Answer 54

Region of the extrastriate cortex, involved in perception of objects other than people's bodies and faces.

Question 55

Prosopagnosia

Answer 55

Failure to recognize particular people by the side of their faces.

Question 56

Fusiform face area (FSA)

Answer 56

Region of the visual association cortex located in the inferior temporal; involved in perception of faces and other complex objects that require expertise to recognize.

Question 57

Extrastriate body area (EBA)

Answer 57

Region of the visual association cortex located in the lateral occipitotemporal cortex; involved in perception of the human body and body parts other than faces.

Question 58

Parahippocampal place area (PPA)

Answer 58

Region of limbic cortex on the medial temporal lobe; involved in perception of particular places (scenes).

Question 59

Optic flow

Answer 59

Complex motion of points in the visual field caused by relative movement between the observer and environment; provides information about the relative distance of objects from the observer and the relative direction of movement.

Question 60

Akinetopsia

Answer 60

Inability to perceive movement, caused by damage to the area V5 (also called MST) of the visual association cortex.

Question 61

Intraparietal sulcus (IPS)

Answer 61

The end of the dorsal stream of the visual association cortex; involved in perception of location, visual attention, and control of eye and hand movements.