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Physiology Of Behavior > 6 Vision > Flashcards

6 Vision Flashcards

0
Q

Sensory transduction

A

The process by which sensory stimuli are transduced into slow, graded receptor potentials.

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1
Q

Sensory receptor

A

Specialized neuron that detects a particular category of physical events.

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2
Q

Receptor potential

A

Slow, graded electrical potential produced by a receptor cell response to a physical stimulus.

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3
Q

Hue

A

dominant wavelength.

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4
Q

Brightness

A

Intensity

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5
Q

Saturation

A

Purity

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6
Q

vergence movement

A

Cooperative movement of the eyes, which ensures that the image of an object falls on identical portions of both retinas.

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7
Q

Saccadic movement

A

Rapid, jerky movements of the eyes using scanning a visual scene.

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8
Q

Pursued movement

A

Movement that the eyes make to maintain an image of a moving object on the phobia.

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9
Q

Accommodation

A

Changes in the thickness of the lens of the eye, accomplished by this ciliary muscles, that focus images of near or distant objects on the retina.

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10
Q

Retina

A

Neural tissue in photoreceptor cells located on the inner surface of the posterior portion of the eye.

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11
Q

Rod

A

One of the receptor cells of the retina, sensitive to light of low intensity.

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12
Q

Cone

A

Maximally sensitive to one of three different wavelengths of light and hence encodes color vision.

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13
Q

Photoreceptor

A

Transducers photic energy into electrical potentials.

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14
Q

Fovea

A

Region of the retina that mediates the most acute visions of birds and higher animals. Color-sensitive cones constitute the only type of photoreceptor found in the fovea.

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15
Q

Optic disc

A

Location of the exit point from the retina of the fibers of the ganglion cell deforming optical nerve, responsible for the blind spot.

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16
Q

Bipolar cell

A

Bipolar neuron located in the middle layer of the retina, conveying information from the photo receptors to the ganglion cells.

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17
Q

Ganglion cell

A

Neuron located in the retina that receives visual information from bipolar cells, its axons give rise to the optic nerve.

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18
Q

Horizontal cell

A

Neuron in the retina that interconnects adjacent photoreceptors and the outer processes of the bipolar cells.

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19
Q

amacrine cell

A

Neuron in the retina that interconnects adjacent ganglion cells and the inner processes of the bipolar cells.

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20
Q

Lamella

A

Layer of membrane containing photo pigment; found in rods and cones of the retina.

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21
Q

Photopigment

A

Protein dye bonded to retinal, a substance derived from vitamin A; responsible for transduction of visual information.

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22
Q

Opsin

A

Class of protein that, together with retinal, constitutes the photopigments.

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23
Q

Retinal

A

Chemical synthesized from vitamin A; joins with an option to form a photopigment.

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24
Q

Rhodopsin

A

Particular opsin found in rods.

25
Q

Dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

A

Group of cell bodies within the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus; receives inputs from the retina and projects to the primary visual cortex.

26
Q

Magnocellular layer

A

One of the inner two layers of neurons in the dorsolateral geniculate nucleus; transmits information necessary for the perception of form, movement, depth, and small differences and brightness to the primary visual cortex.

27
Q

Parvocellular layer

A

One of the four the outer layers of neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus; transmits information necessary for perception of color and find details to the primary visual cortex.

28
Q

koniocellular sublayer

A

One of the settlers of neurons in the dorsolateral geniculate nucleus found ventral to each of the magnocellular and parvocellular layers; transmit information from short-wavelength (“blue”) cones to the primary visual cortex.

29
Q

Calcarine fissure

A

Horizontal fissure on the inner surface of the posterior cerebral cortex; location of the primary visual cortex.

30
Q

Striate cortex

A

Primary visual cortex

31
Q

Optic chiasm

A

Cross-shaped connection between the optic nerves, located below the base of the brain, just anterior to the pituitary gland.

32
Q

Receptive field

A

Portion of the visual field in which the presentation of visual stimuli will produce an alteration in the firing rate of a particular neuron.

33
Q

Protanopia

A

Inherited form of defective color vision in which red and green hues are confused, red cones are filled with green cone opsin.

34
Q

Deuteranopia

A

Inherited form of defective color vision which red and green hues are confused; green cones are filled with red cone opsin.

35
Q

Tritanopia

A

Inherited form of defective color vision which use with short wavelengths are confused; blue cones are either lacking or faulty.

36
Q

Negative afterimage

A

Image seen after portion of the retina is exposed to an intense visual stimulus; consist of colors complementary to those of the physical stimulus.

37
Q

Complementary colors

A

Colors that make white or gray mixed together.

38
Q

Simple cell

A

Orientation-sensitive neuron in the striate cortex was receptive field is organized in opponent fashion.

39
Q

Complex cell

A

Neuron in the visual cortex that response to the presence of a line segment with a particular orientation located within its receptive field, especially when the line moves perpendicularly to its orientation.

40
Q

Hypercomplex cell

A

Neuron in the visual cortex that responds to the presence of a line segment with a particular orientation that ends at a particular point within the cell’s receptive field.

41
Q

Sine-wave grating

A

Series of straight parallel bands very continuously in brightness according to a sine-wave function, along the line perpendicular to their lengths.

42
Q

Spatial frequency

A

The relative with of the bands in a sine wave grating, measured in cycles per degree of visual angle.

43
Q

Retinal disparity

A

The fact that points on objects located at different distances from the observer will fall on slightly different locations on the two retinas; provides the basis for stereopsis.

44
Q

Cytochrome oxidase (CO) blob

A

Central region of a module of the primary visual cortex, revealed by a stain for cytochrome oxidase; contains wavelengths-sensitive neurons; part of the parvocellular system.

45
Q

Ocular dominance

A

Extent to which a particular neuron receives more input from one eye than the other.

46
Q

Extrastiate cortex

A

Region of visual association cortex; receives fibers from the striate cortex and from the superior colliculi and projects to the inferior temporal cortex.

47
Q

Dorsal stream

A

System of interconnected regions of visual cortex involved in the perception of spatial location, beginning with the striate cortex and ending with the posterior parietal cortex.

48
Q

Ventral stream

A

System of interconnected regions of visual cortex involved in the perception of form, beginning with the striate cortex and ending with the inferior temporal cortex.

49
Q

Inferior temporal cortex

A

Highest level of the ventral stream of the visual association cortex; involved in perception of objects, including people’s bodies and faces.

50
Q

Posterior parietal cortex

A

Highest level of the dorsal stream of the visual association cortex; involved in perception of movement and spatial location.

51
Q

Color constancy

A

The relatively constant appearance of the colors of objects viewed under varying lighting conditions.

52
Q

Cerebral achromatopsia

A

Inability to discriminate among different hues; caused by damage to area V8 of the visual association cortex.

53
Q

Visual agnosia

A

Deficits in visual perception in the absence of blindness; caused by brain damage.

54
Q

Lateral occipital complex (LOC)

A

Region of the extrastriate cortex, involved in perception of objects other than people’s bodies and faces.

55
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Failure to recognize particular people by the side of their faces.

56
Q

Fusiform face area (FSA)

A

Region of the visual association cortex located in the inferior temporal; involved in perception of faces and other complex objects that require expertise to recognize.

57
Q

Extrastriate body area (EBA)

A

Region of the visual association cortex located in the lateral occipitotemporal cortex; involved in perception of the human body and body parts other than faces.

58
Q

Parahippocampal place area (PPA)

A

Region of limbic cortex on the medial temporal lobe; involved in perception of particular places (scenes).

59
Q

Optic flow

A

Complex motion of points in the visual field caused by relative movement between the observer and environment; provides information about the relative distance of objects from the observer and the relative direction of movement.

60
Q

Akinetopsia

A

Inability to perceive movement, caused by damage to the area V5 (also called MST) of the visual association cortex.

61
Q

Intraparietal sulcus (IPS)

A

The end of the dorsal stream of the visual association cortex; involved in perception of location, visual attention, and control of eye and hand movements.

Physiology Of Behavior (15 decks)

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