Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology Of Behavior > 3 Structure Of The Nervous System > Flashcards

3 Structure Of The Nervous System Flashcards

0
Q

Anterior

A

With respect to the central nervous system, located near or toward the head.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Neuraxis

A

An imaginary drawn through the center of the length of the central nervous system, from the bottom of the spinal cord to the front of the forebrain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Posterior

A

With respect to the central nervous system, located near or toward the tail.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Rostral

A

“Toward the beak”; with respect to the central nervous system, in a direction along the neuraxis toward the front of the face.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Caudal

A

“Toward the tail”; with respect to the central nervous system, any direction along the neuraxis away from the front of the face.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Dorsal

A

“Toward the back”; with respect to the central nervous system in a direction perpendicular to the neuraxis toward the top of the head or the back.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Ventral

A

“Toward the belly”; with respect to the central nervous system, in a direction perpendicular to neuraxis toward the bottom of the skull or the front surface of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Lateral

A

For the side of the body, away from the middle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Medial

A

Toward the middle of the body, away from the side.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Located on the same side of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Contralateral

A

Located on the opposite side of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cross section

A

With respect to the central nervous system, a slice taken at right angles to the neuraxis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Frontal section

A

A slice through the brain parallel to the forehead.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Horizontal section

A

A slice through the brain parallel to the ground.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sagittal section

A

A slice through the brain parallel to the neuraxis and perpendicular to the ground.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Midsagittal plane

A

The plaintiff X is perpendicular to the ground; divides the brain into two symmetrical halves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Meninges

A

The three layers of tissue that incase the central nervous system: the dura mater, arachnoid membrane, and pia mater.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Dura mater

A

The outermost of the meninges; tough and flexible.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Arachnoid membrane

A

The middle layer of the meninges, located between the outer dura mater and inner pia mater.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

The fluid-filled space that cushions the brain; located between that arachnoid membrane and the pia mater.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

A clear fluid, similar to blood plasma, that fills the ventricular system of the brain and the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Ventricle

A

One of the hollow spaces within the brain, filled with cerebrospinal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Lateral ventricle

A

One of the two ventricles located in the center of the telencephalon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Third ventricle

A

The ventricle located in the center of the diencephalon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cerebral aqueduct

A

A narrow tube interconnecting the third and fourth pentacles of the brain, located in the center of the mesencephalon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Fourth ventricle

A

The ventricle located between the cerebellum and the dorsal pons, in the center of the mesencephalon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Choroid plexus

A

The highly vascular tissue that protrudes into the ventricles and produces cerebrospinal fluid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Arachnoid granulation

A

Small projections of the arachnoid membrane through the dura mater into the superior sagittal sinus; CSF flows through them to be reabsorbed into the blood supply.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Superior sagittal sinus

A

A venous sinus located in the midline just dorsal to the corpus callosum, between the two cerebral hemispheres.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Obstructive hydrocephalus

A

A condition in which all were some of the brain’s ventricles are in large; caused by an obstruction that kids the normal flow CSF.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Neural tube

A

A hollow tube, closed at the rostral end, that forms from ectodermal tissue early embryonic development; serves as the origin of the central nervous system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

The outermost layer of gray matter of the cerebral hemispheres.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Progenitor cells

A

Cells of the ventricular zone that divide and give rise to cells of the central nervous system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Ventricular zone (VZ)

A

A layer of cells that line the inside of the narrow tube; contains progenitor cells that divide and give rise to cells of the central nervous system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Subventricular zone (SVZ)

A

A layer of progenitor cells located just inside that the ventricular zone; thicker in mammals with large brains.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Symmetrical division

A

Division of a progenitor cell that gives rise to two identical progenitor cells; increases the size of the ventricular zone and hence the brain that develops from it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Asymmetrical division

A

Division of a progenitor cell that gives rise to another progenitor cell and a neuron, which migrates away from the ventricular zone toward its final resting place in the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Radial glia

A

Special glia with fibers that grow radially outward from the ventricular zone to the surface of the cortex; provide guidance for neurons migrating outward during brain development.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Apoptosis

A

Death of a cell caused by a chemical signal that activates a genetic mechanism inside the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Neurogenesis

A

Production of new neurons through the division of neural stem cells; occurs in the hippocampus and olfactory bulb and appears to play a role in learning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Forebrain

A

The most rostral of the three major divisions of the brain; includes the telencephalon and diencephalon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Cerebral hemisphere

A

One of the two major portions of the forebrain, covered by the cerebral cortex.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Subcortical region

A

The region located within the brain, beneath the cortical surface.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Sulcus

A

A groove in the surface of the cerebral hemisphere, smaller than the future.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Fissure

A

A major groove in the surface of the brain, larger than a sulcus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Gyrus

A

A convolution of the cortex of the cerebral hemispheres, separated by sulci or fissures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Primary visual cortex

A

The region of the posterior occipital lobe whose primary input is from the visual system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Calcarine fissure

A

A fissure located in the occipital lobe on the medial surface of the brain; most of the primary visual cortex is located along its upper and lower banks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Primary auditory cortex

A

The region of the superior temporal lobe whose primary input is from the auditory system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Lateral fissure

A

The fissure that separates the temporal lobe from the overlying frontal and parietal lobes.

50
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A

The region of the anterior parietal lobe whose primary input is from the somatosensory system.

51
Q

Central sulcus

A

The sulcus that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.

52
Q

Insular cortex

A

A sunken region of the cerebral cortex that is normally covered by the rostral superior temporal lobe and caudal inferior frontal lobe.

53
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

The region of the posterior frontal lobe contains neurons that control movements of skeletal muscles.

54
Q

Frontal lobe

A

The anterior portion of the cerebral cortex, rostral to the parietal lobe and dorsal to the temporal lobe.

55
Q

Parietal lobe

A

The region of the cerebral cortex caudal to the frontal lobe and dorsal to the temporal lobe.

56
Q

Temporal lobe

A

The region of the cerebral cortex rostral to the occipital lobe and eventual to the parietal and frontal lobes.

57
Q

Occipital lobe

A

The region of the cerebral cortex caudal to the parietal and temporal lobes.

58
Q

Sensory association cortex

A

The regions of the cerebral cortex that receive information from the regions of primary sensory cortex.

59
Q

Motor association cortex

A

The region of the frontal lobe rostral to the primary motor cortex; also known as the premotor cortex.

60
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

The region of the frontal lobe rostral to the motor association cortex.

61
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Large bundle of axons that interconnects corresponding regions of the association cortex on each side of the brain.

62
Q

Neocortex

A

The phylogenetically newest cortex, including the primary sensory cortex, primary motor cortex, and association cortex.

63
Q

Limbic cortex

A

Phylogenetically old cortex, located at the medial edge (“limbus”) of the cerebral hemispheres; part of the limbic system.

64
Q

Cingulate gyrus

A

A strip of limbic cortex lying along the lateral walls of the groove separating the cerebral hemispheres just thought the corpus callosum.

65
Q

Limbic system

A

A group of brain regions including the anterior thalamic nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus, limbic cortex, and parts of the hypothalamus, as well as their interconnecting fiber bundles.

66
Q

Hippocampus

A

A forebrain structure of the temporal lobe, constituting an important part of the limbic system; includes the hippocampus proper (Ammon’s horn), dentate gyrus, and subiculum.

67
Q

Amygdala

A

A structure in the interior of the rostral temporal lobe, containing a set of nuclei; part of the limbic system.

68
Q

Fornix

A

A fiber bundle that connects the hippocampus with other parts of the brain, including the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus; part of the limbic system.

69
Q

Mammillary bodies

A

A protrusion of the bottom of the brain at the posterior and of the hypothalamus, containing some hypothalamic nuclei; part of the limbic system.

70
Q

Basal ganglia

A

A group of subcortical nuclei telencephalon, the caudate nucleus, the globus pallidus, and the putamen; important parts of the motor system.

71
Q

Nucleus

A

An identifiable group of neural cell bodies in the central nervous system.

72
Q

Diencephalon

A

The region of the forebrain surrounding the third ventricle, includes the thalamus and the hypothalamus.

73
Q

Thalamus

A

The largest portion of the diencephalon, located above the hypothalamus; contains nuclei that project information to specific regions of the cerebral cortex and receive information from it.

74
Q

Projection fiber

A

An axon of a neuron in one region of the brain whose terminals form synapses with neurons in another region.

75
Q

Lateral geniculate nucleus

A

A group of cell bodies with in the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus receives fibers from the retina and projects fibers to the primary visual cortex.

76
Q

Medial geniculate nucleus

A

A group of cell bodies within the medial geniculate body of the thalamus; receives fibers from the auditory system and projects fibers to the primary auditory cortex.

77
Q

Ventrolateral nucleus

A

Can you address of the thalamus receives inputs from the cerebellum and sends axons to the primary motor cortex.

78
Q

Hypothalamus

A

The group of nuclei of the diencephalon situated beneath the thalamus; involved in regulation of the autonomic nervous system, control the anterior and posterior pituitary glands, and integration species-typical behaviors.

79
Q

Optic chiasm

A

An X-shaped connection between the optic nerves located below the base of the brain, just anterior to the pituitary gland.

80
Q

Anterior pituitary gland

A

The anterior part of the pituitary gland; an endocrine gland whose secretions are controlled by the hypothalamus hormones.

81
Q

Neurosecretory cell

A

An neuron the secretes a hormone or hormonelike substance.

82
Q

Posterior pituitary gland

A

The posterior part of the pituitary gland; and a kind land that contains hormone-secreting terminal buttons of axons whose cell bodies lie with in the hypothalamus.

83
Q

Midbrain

A

The mesencephalon; the central of the three major divisions of the brain.

84
Q

Mesencephalon

A

The midbrain; a region of the brain that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct; includes the tectum and the tegmentum.

85
Q

Tectum

A

The dorsal part of the midbrain includes the superior and inferior colliculi.

86
Q

Superior colliculi

A

Protrusions on top of the midbrain; part of the visual system.

87
Q

Inferior colliculi

A

Protrusions on top of the midbrain; part of the auditory system.

88
Q

Brain stem

A

The “stem” of the brain, from the medulla to the midbrain, excluding the cerebellum.

89
Q

Tegmentum

A

The ventral part of the midbrain; includes the periaqueductal gray matter, reticular formation, red nucleus, and substantia nigra.

90
Q

Reticular formation

A

A large network of neural tissue located in the central region of the brain stem, from the medulla to the diencephalon.

91
Q

Periaqueductal gray matter

A

The region of the midbrain surrounding the cerebral aqueduct; contains neural circuits involved in species-typical behaviors.

92
Q

Red nucleus

A

A large nucleus of the midbrain receives inputs from the cerebellum and motor cortex and sends axons to motor neurons in the spinal cord.

93
Q

Substantia nigra

A

A darkly stained region of the tegmentum that contains neurons that communicate with the caudate nucleus and putamen in in the basal ganglia.

94
Q

Hindbrain

A

The most caudal of the three divisions of the brain; includes the metencephalon and the myelencephalon.

95
Q

Cerebellum

A

A major part of the brain located dorsal to the pons, containing the two cerebellar hemispheres, covered with the cerebellar cortex; an important component of the motor system.

96
Q

Cerebellar cortex

A

The cortex that covers the surface of the cerebellum.

97
Q

Deep cerebellar nuclei

A

Nuclei located within the cerebellar hemisphere; receive projections from the cerebellar cortex and send projections out of the cerebellum to other parts of the brain.

98
Q

Cerebellar peduncle

A

One of three bundles of axons that attach each cerebellar hemisphere to the dorsal pons.

99
Q

Pons

A

The region of the metencephalon rostral to the medulla, caudal to the midbrain, and ventral to the cerebellum.

100
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

The most caudal portion of the brain; located in the myelencephalon, immediately rostral to the spinal cord.

101
Q

Spinal cord

A

The cord of nervous tissue that extends caudally from the medulla.

102
Q

Spinal root

A

A bundle of axons surrounded by connective tissue that occurs in pairs, which fuse and form a spinal nerve.

103
Q

Cauda equina

A

A bundle of spinal roots located caudal to the end of the spinal cord.

104
Q

Caudal block

A

The anesthesia and paralysis of the lower part of the body produced by injection of a local anesthetic into the cerebrospinal fluid surrounding cauda equina.

105
Q

Dorsal root

A

The spinal root that contains incoming (afferent) sensory fibers.

106
Q

Ventral root

A

The spinal root that contains outgoing (efferent) motor fibers.

107
Q

Spinal nerve

A

A peripheral nerve attached to the spinal cord.

108
Q

Afferent axon

A

An axon directed toward the central nervous system, conveying sensory information.

109
Q

Dorsal root ganglion

A

A nodule on a dorsal root that contains cell bodies of afferent spinal nerve neurons.

110
Q

Efferent axon

A

An axon directed away from the central nervous system, conveying motor commands to muscles and glands.

111
Q

Cranial nerve

A

A peripheral nerve attached directly to the brain.

112
Q

Vagus nerve

A

The largest of the cranial nerves, conveying efferent fibers of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system to organs of thoracic and abdominal cavities.

113
Q

Olfactory bulb

A

The protrusion at the end of the olfactory nerve; receives input from the olfactory receptors.

114
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the movement of skeletal muscles or transmits somatosensory information to the central nervous system.

115
Q

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

The portion of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s vegetative functions.

116
Q

Sympathetic division

A

The portion of the autonomic nervous system that controls functions that accompany arousal and expenditure of energy.

117
Q

Sympathetic ganglia

A

Nodules that contain synapses between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system.

118
Q

Sympathetic ganglion chain

A

One of the pair of groups of sympathetic ganglia that lie ventrolateral to the vertebral column.

119
Q

Preganglionic neuron

A

The efferent neurons of the autonomic nervous system whose cell bodies located in a cranial nerve nucleus or in the intermediate horn of the spinal gray matter and whose terminal buttons synapse upon postganglionic neurons in the autonomic ganglia.

120
Q

Postganglionic neuron

A

Neurons of the autonomic nervous system that form synapses directly with a target organ.

121
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

The inner portion of the adrenal gland, located atop the kidney, controlled by sympathetic nerve fibers; secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine.

122
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

The portion of the autonomic nervous system that controls functions that occur during a relaxed state.

Physiology Of Behavior (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions