9. Proteins and Carbohydrates

Question 1

What are the major macromolecules?

Answer 1

• Lipids
• Proteins
• Carbohydrates
• Nucleid acids (DNA and RNA)

Question 2

What is the general formula of carbohydrates?

Answer 2

(CH2O)n where n is the number of carbon atoms

Question 3

What are the three major biochemical roles of carbohydrates?

Answer 3

• Source of energy that can be released in a form usable by organisms
• Used to transport stored energy within complex organisms
• Serve as carbon skeletons that can be rearranged to form new molecules

Question 4

Monosaccharides

Answer 4

such as glucose, are simple sugars. They are the monomers from which the larger carbohydrates are constructed.

Question 5

Disaccharides

Answer 5

consist of two monosaccharides linked together by covalent bonds. The most familiar is su- crose, which is made up of covalently bonded glucose and fructose molecules.

Question 6

Oligosaccharides

Answer 6

made up of several (3–20) monosaccharides.

Question 7

Polysaccharides

Answer 7

such as starch, glycogen, and cellulose, are polymers made up of hundreds or thou- sands of monosaccharides.

Question 8

What is the difference between pentoses and hexoses?

Answer 8

Pentoses are five carbon sugars (such as ribose and deoxyribose)
Hexoses are a group of structural formula with the formula C6H12O6

Question 9

What does a nucleic acid consist of?

Answer 9

A nitrogen containing base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group

Question 10

What is the difference between pyrimidines or purines?

Answer 10

• A six membered single ring structure is a pyrimidine

- Fused double ring structure is a purine

Question 11

What is the bond between the pentose sugar of one nucleotide and the next nucleotide?

Answer 11

A phosphodiester linkage

Question 12

What is transcription?

Answer 12

The process of reading a gene and creating a messenger RNA that can exit the nucleus and go to a ribosome in the cytoplasm to be translated into a protein