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BIOL10002 > 28. Reproduction > Flashcards

28. Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?

A

Reproduce without a partner so no need to use energy or resources to find a mate

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2
Q

What are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

A

No genetic diversity in the population

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3
Q

What is parthenogenesis?

A
  • Development of the egg without fertilisation

- New individual may be haploid or diploid

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4
Q

What species undergo parthenogenesis?

A

Invertebrates and a few vertebrates

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5
Q

What are the three broad stages of sexual reproduction?

A
  • Gametogenesis (making sex cells)
  • Spawning or mating (getting sex cell together)
  • Fertilisation (getting sex cells to fuse)
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6
Q

How many nuclear divisions are there in meiosis?

A
  • Meiosis consists of 2 nuclear divisions that decrease the number of chromosomes to the haploid number
  • Nucleus divides twice but the DNA is replicated only once
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7
Q

Difference between meiosis and mitosis in terms of homologous pairing?

A
  • Homologous chromosomes pair along their entire length

- No pairing of homologise in mitosis

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8
Q

What are the 4 parts of the sperm?

A
  • Acrosome
  • Nucleus
  • Midpiece
  • Tail
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9
Q

What is the acrosome of the sperm?

A

Contains enzymes to help penetrate the ovum

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10
Q

What is the midpiece of the sperm?

A

Contains mitochondria for energy

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11
Q

What is the tail of a sperm?

A

The flagellum is for movement

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12
Q

What are the cells produced in spermatogenesis?

A
  • Male germ cell (2n)
  • Spermatogonium (2n) (stem cells)
  • Primary spermatocyte (2n)

First meiosis division
- Secondary spermatocytes (n)
- Spermatids (n)
Spermatozoa

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13
Q

What is the site of spermatogenesis?

A

Semiferous tubules

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14
Q

How are oocytes formed?

A
  • Oogonia proliferate through mitosis
  • But when they enter into primary oocytes they immediately enter prophase of meiosis 1 and stay in this state for years
  • Known as Germinal Vesicle (GV) stage
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15
Q

What cells are formed in the female embryo in oogenesis?

A

Mitosis gives an oogonia

Meiosis 1 is arrested - primary oocytes in GV stage

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16
Q

What divisions to produce the oocytes occur in the adult?

A

Meiosis 2 gives the secondary oocytes (first polar body) and then meiosis 2 is arrested

17
Q

What divisions occur during fertilisation to produce the oocyte?

A

Meiosis is complete when the egg is fertilised and it has the polar bodies

18
Q

What is the difference in males and females in terms of location of gametogenesis?

A
  • Mitosis ceases in the embryo for males

- Meiosis begins in the embryo and meiosis 1 is arrested around birth for females

19
Q

What is the difference between males and females in terms of what each gametogenesis gives?

A
  • In males each spermatogonium gives rise to four haploid sperm
  • In females each oogonim gives rise to one haploid egg and 2 polar bodies
20
Q

What is the primordial follicle?

A

Present in the ovary from birth, located in the stroma of the ovary cortex behind the tunica albuginea

The primordial follicle is the oocyte and the surrounding follicular cells

21
Q

What is the primordial germ cell?

A

Oocyte present in the primordial follicle ovary from birth

22
Q

What is the primary follicle?

A

Single layer of follicle cells, presence of zona pellucida

23
Q

What is the secondary follicle?

A

Two or more layers of follicle cells

24
Q

What is the antral (graafian) follicle?

A

Early or late - presence of cavity and multiple layers of cells

25
Q

What does the corpus leuteum do?

A
  • At ovulation the follicle ruptures, releasing the egg

- The remaining follicle cells form the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone and estrogen

26
Q

How are the chances of external fertilisation increased?

A
  • Proximity ensures the super will find the eggs

- Amplexus is where the male holds onto the female using special foot pads

27
Q

What does oviparous mean?

A

Egg bearing - development occurs outside the mother’s body

28
Q

What does viviparous mean?

A

Live bearing - development occurs inside the mother’s body

29
Q

What are the barriers to sperm?

A
  • Cumulus cells are held in a matrix of hyaluronic acid

- Sperm carries hyaluronidase to break down the barrier

30
Q

What is the pathway of sperm binding?

A
  • Sperm binds to zona
  • Acrosome reaction
  • Sperm lyses of zona
  • Cortical granule reaction (releases proteases)
  • Sperm and egg membrane fuse (triggers egg activation, egg completely meiosis)
31
Q

What is the purpose of the cortical granule reaction?

A

Block to polyspermy

No other sperm can get through

32
Q

What does the acrosome reaction do?

A

Enzymes released that digest a path through zona pellucida

BIOL10002 (28 decks)

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