12. Endocrine system part 1

Question 1

What are hormones?

Answer 1

Molecular signals released by specific cell types and influence other cells

Question 2

What is the endocrine system?

Answer 2

Includes a variety of cell/tissues/organs that produce hormonal molecular signals

Question 3

Why do cells communicate with each other?

Answer 3

They do so to maintain a stable internal environment

Question 4

What is a target cell?

Answer 4

A cell that has a receptor specific for a specific hormone

Question 5

What is a receptor?

Answer 5

A molecule that the hormone binds to and initiates a response

Question 6

What is hormone activity?

Answer 6

Hormones are secreted into the interstitial fluid, pass into the blood then travel to the target cell

Question 7

What is the name for hormones being released into the interstitial fluid?

Answer 7

Paracrine and autocrine activity

Question 8

What is paracrine activity?

Answer 8

Hormone binds to receptors on nearby cell

Question 9

What is autocrine activity?

Answer 9

Hormones bind to receptors located on the cell that secreted them

Question 10

What are the three groups that hormones can be divided into?

Answer 10

Peptides or proteins, steroid hormones, amines

Question 11

How do peptide hormones travel?

Answer 11

• Water soluble so easily transported in blood

- Packaged within vesicles in cells and secreted by exocytosis

Question 12

How do steroid hormones get transported?

Answer 12

Lipid soluble so they can pass through cell membranes

• They are not stored in vesicles
• Secretion is regulated by regulating synthesis
• Diffuse out of cells and are bound to carrier molecules in blood

Question 13

Where are steroid or lipid hormones made from?

Answer 13

Synthesised from steroid cholesterol

Question 14

How do amine hormones get transported in the blood

Answer 14

-Can be water soluble or lipid soluble so mode of action differs

Question 15

Where are amine hormones synthesised from?

Answer 15

Tyrosine (an amino acid)

Question 16

What receptor type do each protein and steroid require?

Answer 16

Protein requires membrane bound receptors and steroid requires cytoplasmic receptors

Question 17

What are the two types of glands in the body?

Answer 17

Endocrine and exocrine

Question 18

What are endocrine glands?

Answer 18

Aggregation or collection of cells that secrete hormones

Question 19

What are exocrine glands?

Answer 19

Have ducts that carry molecules to specific location

Question 20

What is the target cells of hormones TSH Thyrotropin stimulating hormone?

Answer 20

Thyroid gland

Question 21

What two parts is the adrenal gland divided into?

Answer 21

Outer cortex and inner medulla

Question 22

What hormones are synthesised from the outer cortex?

Answer 22

cortisol, aldosterone

Question 23

What hormones are released from the inner medulla?

Answer 23

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 24

What stimulates the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer 24

The brain

Question 25

What is released in response to the fight or flight response?

Answer 25

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are released in response to stressful situations - telling the body to act
-The brain signals adrenal gland to release E and NE

Question 26

What are some actions/effects of the fight or flight response?

Answer 26

• Heart beasts faster, blood pressure increases
• Divert blood flow to skeletal and cardiac muscles
• Liver cells break down glycogen and secrete glucose (energy)
• Fat cells release fatty acids (energy)

Question 27

What are the target cells for the fight or flight response?

Answer 27

• Circulatory system
• Muscles
• Liver and Fat cells

Question 28

What is the pituitary gland composed of?

Answer 28

Anterior and posterior pituitary

Question 29

What is the name of the surgery used to remove a pituitary tumour?

Answer 29

Trans-sphenoid surgery