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BIOL10002 > 23. Regulation of Respiration > Flashcards

23. Regulation of Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What are gills?

A

Invaginated extension of the body surface

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2
Q

What is the operculum?

A

Specialised cover that protects the gills

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3
Q

How is water and blood moved over the gills?

A
  • Pumping mechanisms moves water over gills
  • Internal circulatory system distributes blood throughout the gill and body
  • Unidirectional pumping mechanism
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4
Q

What are the lamellae?

A
  • Thin slices of tissue in the gills which increase surface area for gas exchange
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5
Q

How do lamella impact the diffusion distance?

A

They reduce the diffusion path (length between water and blood)

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6
Q

What vessels are found in the gills?

A
  • Deoxygenated (afferent) blood enters (low O2)

- Oxygenated (efferent) blood leaves (high O2)

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7
Q

How is the unidirectional flow of water through the gills in fish achieved by?

A
  • Sequential opening and closing of the mouth and operculum

- A small pressure differential between buccal and operculum cavities

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8
Q

Which type of flow is found in fish?

A

Countercurrent flow increases gas exchange

- Blood meets fresh oxygenated water

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9
Q

How does the mudskipper breath in air?

A

Reinforced gills that do not collapse in air, allowing limited gas exchange out of water

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10
Q

How does the armoured catfish breathe in air?

A
  • Highly modified and vascularised intestine used for gas exchange out of water.
  • Air is swallowed and later expelled from the anus
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11
Q

What are the lungs?

A

Invaginated internalised extension of body surface

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12
Q

What are the lungs protected by?

A

Ribs and thorax

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13
Q

What is the trachea?

A

Conducts air into the body

  • protected
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14
Q

What are the bronchi?

A

Major air passageways of the lung

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15
Q

How are the bronchi further structured?

A
  • Branch into bronchioles

- At the end of the bronchioles are the alveoli

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16
Q

What is the pathway of air conduction?

A

Trachea-Bronchi-Bronchioles

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17
Q

What are the trachea and bronchi composed of?

A

Cartilage

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18
Q

What are the bronchi and bronchioles composed of?

A

Layer of smooth muscle

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19
Q

What happens to the bronchioles in exercise?

A

They dilate

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20
Q

What happens to the bronchioles in asthma?

A

(Smooth muscle around) Bronchioles constrict - bronchiospasm

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21
Q

What causes constriction of bronchioles?

A

They are innervated - sympathetic nerves connected to release noradrenaline to constrict

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22
Q

What are the alveoli?

A

Hollow pockets of air with capillaries running through the surface

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23
Q

How is distance between gases in the alveoli and gases in the blood minimised for gas exchange?

A

Epithelial cell of the alveoli and endothelial cell of the capillary are fused, no connective tissue or fluid between them

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24
Q

What are 2 examples of respiratory tract secretions?

A
  • Epithelial cells lining the airways produce sticky mucus the captures inhaled dirt and microbes
  • Cell lining the airways have cilia
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25
Q

What does the cilia do?

A

Its beating continually sweeps the mucus, with its trapped debris up towards the pharynx

26
Q

How does smoking affect breathing?

A

Smoking immobilises the cilia of the airways for hours

27
Q

What is smoker’s cough?

A

Malfunctioning mucus escalator means you can’t clear obstructing mucus from airways

28
Q

How does cystic fibrosis influence abnormal respiratory secretions?

A
  • Unusually thick and dry respiratory mucus

- Obstructs the airway and also obstructs cilia function

29
Q

What is the cause of cystic fibrosis?

A
  • Single gene mutation results in non functional chloride channel protein
  • Chloride ions cannot leave the cell
  • A very thick mucus forms, which become clogged with debris and bacteria
30
Q

What is the difference between a normal respiratory tract and a cystic fibrosis one?

A
  • In the normal respiratory tract there is an ion channel
  • It opens when there is thick mucus and water is dragged out via osmosis
  • In the absence of this channel there is nothing to thin the mucus
31
Q

What is a surfactant?

A

A substance which reduces the surface tension of a liquid

32
Q

What is the surfactant of the lungs?

A

Phospholipoprotein

33
Q

What is the lung surfactant secreted by?

A

Some alveolar cells

34
Q

What does the lung surfactant do?

A

Results in less force required to inflate the lungs

- Without surfactant, lungs are delicate wet tissue which may collapse

35
Q

How are the heads/tails of lung surfactant oriented?

A

Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

- Tails facing the air space

36
Q

What is respiratory distress syndrome?

A
  • Surfactant is produced at 20 weeks in the mother’s womb

- RDS lacks surfactant

37
Q

How does the diaphragm and surrounding respiratory tract behave during inhalation?

A
  • Diaphragm contracts and pulls down on the thoracic cavity, pleural membranes, lungs
  • Air enters through the trachea
  • Lungs expand
38
Q

What pressure is created in inhalation?

A

Negative pressure

39
Q

What happens to the diaphragm and surrounding respiratory tract in exhalation?

A
  • Diaphragm relaxes, elastic lung tissues pull the diaphragm back up and push air out of the airways
40
Q

What is the pressure like in exhalation?

A

Positive pressure

41
Q

What do the pleural membranes do?

A

They line the pleural cavity and cover each lung

42
Q

What are the intercostal muscles?

A

Muscles between the ribs

43
Q

How do the intercostal muscles aid inhalation?

A

Contraction of external intercostals push out ribs and increase thoracic volume

44
Q

How do the intercostal muscles aid exhalation?

A

Exhalation is aided by the contraction of the internal intercostals which pull in the ribs and decrease thoracic volume

45
Q

Is breathing involuntary or voluntary?

A

Normally involuntary but can be voluntary

46
Q

Where are the sensory inputs of breathing sent?

A

To the central nervous system

47
Q

What does the respiratory centre in the brainstem determine?

A

Medulla and pons

- Determines depth, amplitude and frequency of breathing

48
Q

What does the phrenic nerve control?

A

Contraction and lowering of diaphragm

49
Q

What do the efferent nerves control?

A

Efferent nerves (spinal motor neurons) activate intercostal muscles

50
Q

What regulates increases in partial pressure of CO2?

A

Chemoreceptors on the ventral surface of the medulla are sensitive to increases in PCO2 (via change in pH)

51
Q

What regulates a decrease in the pO2?

A

Chemoreceptors in the aortic and carotid bodies are sensitive to increases in CO2 and large decreases in pO2

52
Q

Is the breathing rate more sensitive to CO2 or O2?

A

The breathing rate is more sensitive to increased CO2 than to decreased O2

53
Q

How does an animal react to hypoxia?

A
  • when o2 is reduced at high altitudes, an animal hyperventilates, due to activation of chemoreceptors in aortic and carotid bodies to maintain sufficient O2 delivery
54
Q

What happens in aquatic hypoxia?

A

Causes an increase in gill ventilation in fish due to stimulation of chemoreceptors in the gills

55
Q

How do animals try to survive periods of reduced O2 availability?

A
  • Reduce energy expenditure
  • Use anaerobic metabolic pathways
  • Increased BPG
56
Q

What are some measures for overcoming the problems of high altitude in the long term?

A
  • Reset threshold of chemoreceptors for O2 so that they are more sensitive to pO2
  • Increase number of RBC and blood Hb content (increase O2 capacity of the blood)
  • Reduction in blood O2 stimulates production of erythropoietin in the kidney and liver which acts on bone marrow to produce more RBC
57
Q

What do andeans do to overcome high altitude?

A

Andeans Increase the number of RBC and blood HB content (increases O2 capacity of the blood)

58
Q

What do tibetans do to overcome problems of high altitude?

A

They increase their oxygen intake by taking more breaths per minute than people who live at sea level

59
Q

Is hyperventilation voluntary or involuntary?

A

Can be involuntary (anxiety or panic) or voluntary

60
Q

What does voluntary hypoventilation cause?

A

Before diving it can cause dangerous shallow water blackout due to hypocapnia

  • CO2 dilates blood vessels
  • Abnormally low CO2 level results in failure in urge to breathe

BIOL10002 (28 decks)

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