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BIOL10002 > 29. Regulation of Reproduction > Flashcards

29. Regulation of Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Why is are the testes located outside the body?

A

To maintain optimal temperature for sperm production

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2
Q

Where are sperm produced?

A

Produced in the seminiferous tubules of the testes

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3
Q

What is the role of the epididymis?

A

Where sperm mature and are stored

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4
Q

What does the vas deferens do?

A

Delivers sperm to the urethra via the vas deferens

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5
Q

What does semen consist of?

A

Consists of sperm suspended in a fluid that nourishes them and facilitates fertilisation

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6
Q

Where are the components of seminal fluid produced?

A

Components of seminal fluid produced in seminal vesicles, prostate gland and bulbourethral glands

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7
Q

Where do all components of the semen join?

A

All components of semen join in the urethra and are ejaculated through the penis by muscle contractions

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8
Q

What does the prostrate gland do?

A

Contributes about 30% of the fluid to seminal fluid

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9
Q

What is the chemical nature of the fluid from the prostate gland?

A
  • Alkaline to neutralise the acid environment of the vagina

- Contains a clotting enzyme to act on fibrinogen from seminal vessel to convert semen into a coagulum

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10
Q

What is the pathway of sperm?

A
  • Seminiferous tubules
  • Epididymis
  • Vas deferns
  • Ampulla and ejaculatory duct
  • Prostatic urethra
  • Penile Urethra
  • Vagina
  • Uterus
  • Oviduct
  • FERTILISATION
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11
Q

What is the anterior pituitary regulated by?

A

The hypothalamus

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12
Q

What does the anterior pituitary release?

A

Tropic hormones which control the activities of other endocrine glands

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13
Q

For females what is the hormone pathway?

A 
HYPOTHALAMUS
- Gonadotrophin releasing hormone
PITUITARY
- Follicle stimulating hormone, Luteinising hormone
OVARY
- Oestradiol
UTERUS
- Growth and vascularisation of the endometrium
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14
Q

What is the hormone pathway for male reproduction? LH one

A 
HYPOTHALAMUS
- GnRH
PITUITARY
- LH
TESTIS (leydig cells)
- Testosterone
- Stimulates reproductive tract and other organs
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15
Q

What do the leydig cells produce?

A

Testosterone

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16
Q

For LH male hormone pathway, what is the negative feedback?

A

A high level of circulating testosterone, produced by the Leydig cells, inhibits GnRH and LH production

17
Q

What is the hormone pathway for male reproduction? FSH one

A 
HYPOTHALAMUS 
- GnRH
ANTERIOR PITUITARY 
- FSH
SERTOLI CELLS
- results in spermatogenesis or produces inhibin
18
Q

What is the negative feedback in the FSH male pathway?

A

The hormone inhibit produced by the Sertoli cells inhibits FSH production

19
Q

What hormone controls spermatogenesis and male secondary sexual characteristics?

A

Depends on testosterone produced by the Leydig cells

20
Q

What happens at puberty for males?

A
  • At puberty the sensitivity of the hypothalamus to negative feedback by T declines and so the circulating T increases
  • At puberty there is an increase in GnRH release and gene an increase in LH and FSH
21
Q

What are the outer layers of the follicle?

A

Theca externa
Theca interna
Granulosa

22
Q

What specific part of the follicle does LH stimulate?

A

In the cells of the theca, cholesterol stimulates testosterone via LH

23
Q

What specific part of the follicle does FSH stimulate?

A

Testosterone -> oestradiol stimulated by FSH

24
Q

What is the hormonal reproduction REGULATION pathway in the female?

A 
HYPOTHALAMUS
- GnRH
ANTERIOR PITUITARY
- LH/FSH
OVARY
- Estrogen and progesterone
UTERUS
25
Q

What is the positive feedback in the hormone control reproduction pathway of females?

A

Estrogen and progesterone give positive feedback to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary (during days 12 and 14)

26
Q

What is the negative feedback in the hormone pathway of the female?

A

Estrogen and progesterone inhibit the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus throughout most of the cycle

27
Q

What days does menstruation occur?

A

1-4

28
Q

What days is the follicular phase?

A

5 - 14

29
Q

What day is the ovulation phase?

A

15

30
Q

What day is the luteal phase?

A

16 - 28

31
Q

What is the ovulation trigger?

A

LH on day 14 when oestrogen stimulates LH and FSH release rather than inhibit it

32
Q

What happens to the structure of the endometrium after ovulation day?

A

Becomes highly vascularised and proliferated due to progesterone

33
Q

What occurs in a vasectomy?

A

The vasa deferentia are cut and tied off so that sperm can no longer pass into the urethra. Sperm continue to be produced but are reabsorbed by the man’s body

34
Q

What is tubal ligation?

A

The oviducts are tied off so that eggs cannot reach the uterus and sperm cannot reach the egg

35
Q

What is the process of IVF?

A
  1. Follicles are stimulates using gonadotropins (FSH and then LH or hCG)
  2. Mature eggs are removed from ovaries
  3. Eggs are fertilised with sperm
  4. Fertilised embryos are grown in the laboratory and subsequently replaced into the uterus

BIOL10002 (28 decks)

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