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Biology > 9: Physiology > Flashcards

9: Physiology Flashcards

covers gas exchange, neural signalling, transport and integration of body systems

1
Q

melatonin is inhibited by what

A

light

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2
Q

do capillaries have a large or small lumen

A

small

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3
Q

what does the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland do primarily

A

produce and release

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4
Q

step 5 of synaptic transmission

A

neurotransmitters are released through exocytosis ad diffuse across

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5
Q

what type of tissue does the body use to repair damage to the walls of arteries

A

fibrous tissue

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6
Q

what is a stimulus

A

change that can be detected

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7
Q

what is the role of the cerebellum

A

coordinates muscle contraction timing
balance
things that require muscle memory
(doesn’t initiate movement, that’s the job of the motor cortex of the cerebrum)

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8
Q

4 features of gas exchange(alveoli)

A

moist, thin, large SA, rich blood supply to maintain conc grad

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9
Q

what disease is related to occlusion

A

CHD, coronary heart disease

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10
Q

the brain and nervous system are examples of what organs

A

central information integration organ

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11
Q

when you breathe in, what contracts

A

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

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12
Q

why are capillaries’ lumens small

A

narrow lumen, slows blood, diffusion can happen

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13
Q

what is tidal volume

A

volume of air exhaled/inhaled for each breath

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14
Q

two examples of chemical and nervous interactions

A

osmoregulation and heartbeat

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15
Q

what is a casual link

A

one variable causes change in another

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16
Q

what doesn’t epidemiological study show about diet and heart disease

A

doesn’t prove casual link, just relationship

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17
Q

is the white matter in the middle or the outside

A

outside

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18
Q

through what process do the arteries narrow due to blockages

A

antherosclerosis

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19
Q

what contracts with you breathe out

A

abdominal and interior intercostal muscles

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20
Q

what is vital capacity

A

maximum amount of air lungs can hold

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21
Q

what two tissues are the spinal chord made up of

A

white matter and grey matter

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22
Q

what is action potential

A

a temporary localised reversal in voltage across the membrane (-65mV to 35mV)

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23
Q

if depolarization is large enough to pass the threshold…

A

there is a temporary localised change in voltage

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24
Q

what is a nerve

A

bundle of nerve fibres surrounded by a sheath

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25
Q

what is respiration

A

chemical process that happens in all cells in which food molecules are oxidized to release energy

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26
Q

what relaxes when you breathe out

A

diaphragm, external intercostal muscles

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27
Q

what is the CNS made up of

A

brain and spinal chord

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28
Q

what do epidemiological studies show about diet and heart disease

A

shows correlation

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29
Q

what is the rule for surface area to volume ratio?

A

as the size of the organism increases, the surface area to volume ration decreases

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30
Q

where is melatonin produces

A

pineal gland

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31
Q

what hormone controls the circadian rhythm

A

melatonin

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32
Q

what is saltatory conduction

A

instead of sodium/potassium going in and out, the electrical charge jumps from node to node

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33
Q

what is ventilation rate

A

number of inhalations/exhalations per min

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34
Q

what is myelination

A

creating myelin sheaths, with nodes of ravier between

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35
Q

what is depolarization

A

membrane potential goes from negative to positive

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36
Q

5 adaptations of xylem vessels

A

thick cellulose cells walls
strengthens walls with lignin
cells are dead and hollowed
walls break down
bordered pits allow water column to bypass blockage

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37
Q

when you breathe in, what relaxes

A

abdominal and interior intercostal muscles relax

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38
Q

input of …, output of … (in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland)

A

nerves, hormones

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39
Q

the hypothalamus is connected to the pituitary gland, point where neuro and endo system meet

A

fun fact

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40
Q

what is expiratory reserve volume

A

amount of air a person can exhale after a normal breath

41
Q

what is a nerve impulse

A

electrical signal passed between two cells

42
Q

don’t forget to look at diagram xx (page 97)

A

love ya

43
Q

which body part is the carotid pulse

A

neck

44
Q

what is the word for a narrowing of arteries due to blockage

A

occlusion

45
Q

what is an epidemiological study

A

Epidemiology is the study of how often diseases occur in different groups of people and why

46
Q

whole is greater than the sum of it part, what does reference

A

integration is responsible for emergent properties

47
Q

inside of a neuron is relatively pos or neg

A

negative, -70, -65 mV

48
Q

step 7 of synaptic transmission

A

if there are enough ions entering cell, it generates action potential

49
Q

what is breathing

A

movement of air in and out the lungs

50
Q

step 8 of synaptic transmission

A

neurotransmitters removed from synapse

51
Q

look at cross sectioned diagram of plant stem and root x

A
52
Q

what happens because fibrous tissue isn’t elasticy

A

lesions called plaques are formed, leads to clots, blocks coronary arteries, heart muscles die, heart attack

53
Q

step 6 of synaptic transmission

A

bind to post synaptic receptors and ion channels open

54
Q

give example of neurotransmitter

A

acetylcholine

55
Q

what do myelin sheaths do

A

insulate electrical charge

56
Q

does the pump use diffuse or active transport

A

active transport, requires ATP

57
Q

explain the heartbeat example of integrations of systems

A

TO DO

58
Q

what does antherosclerosis cause

A

damage to artery wall due to high blood pressure

59
Q

vital capacity equation

A

Tidal volume+IRV+ERV

60
Q

what two parts are the nervous system made up of

A

CNS and nerves

61
Q

what does grey matter do

A

processes decisions
is for unconscious processes like movement of food

62
Q

explain the osmosis example of integrations of systems

A

osmoregulatory in hypothalamus SENSE solute concentration
if too high pituitary releases hormone ADH
this increases reabsorption of water in the kidneys

63
Q

what does the xylem transport

A

transports water and minerals like K, Mg and P

64
Q

what two other things happen when you breathe in, not to do with relaxing and contracting

A

volume increases, pressure decreases

65
Q

what does white matter do

A

transmits signals from receptor to brain and brain to other organs

66
Q

what is gas exchange

A

oxygen diffuses in one direction, CO2 diffuses in the other

67
Q

recite phrase about transpiration concerning cohesion and adhesion

A

loss of water in plant by transpiration from cell walls in leaf cells causes water to be drawn out of xylem vessels by capillary action (adhesion) generating tension. cohesion ensures this

68
Q

step 2 of synaptic transmission

A

voltage gated calcium ion channels open

69
Q

2 ways nerves are adapted

A

large diameter (less resistance)
myelination

70
Q

where is the radial pulse

A

wrist

71
Q

how does depolarization occur

A

sodium rapidly diffusing in

72
Q

what is another word for adrenaline

A

epinephrine

73
Q

effects of epinephrin (6)

A

hydrolysis of glycogen, increase diameter of bronchi, breathing increases, heart rate increases, increases blood flow to liver and muscles, decreases blood flow to gut/kidneys

74
Q

what are the blockages in arteries called, that are the buildup of deposits

A

atheromas- these narrow the lumen

75
Q

how does repolarization occur

A

potassium rapidly diffuses out

76
Q

what does the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland do primarily

A

stores/releases hormones made by hypothalamus eg adh

77
Q

what is the chain from sensory receptors to effector

A

sensory receptor, sensory neuron, CNS, motor neuron, effector

78
Q

step 4 of synaptic transmission

A

calcium ions force vesicles with neurotransmitters to fuse with membrane

79
Q

what sort of cells does saltatory conduction work for

A

myelinated cells

80
Q

what is the circadian rhythm

A

patter of sleep/wake cycle that organisms are adapted for

81
Q

what two elements are associated with the pump in neurons

A

sodium and potassium

82
Q

what is repolarization

A

membrane potential rapidly goes from positive to negative

83
Q

step 3 of synaptic transmission

A

calcium ions enter through facilitated diffusion

84
Q

at rest, sodium ions are on the inside or outside

A

outside

85
Q

3 ways capillaries are adapted

A

large surface area due to branching, thin walls, fenestrations

86
Q

why do veins have a wide lumen

A

maximises volume of blood

87
Q

what is the problem with using fibrous tissue to repair artery walls

A

not elasticy

88
Q

what does surfactant do

A

reduces surface tension and makes is moist

89
Q

what does epinephrin do

A

increases glucose and oxygen supply to skeletal muscles

90
Q

what do type 2 pneumocytes make

A

surfactant

91
Q

what is step 1 of synaptic transmission

A

action potential reaches end of presynaptic nerve

92
Q

what is inspiratory reserve volume

A

amount of air a person can inhale after a breath

93
Q

why do arteries have a narrow lumen

A

to maintain blood pressure

94
Q

example of casual link

A

smoking is a casual link to lung disease

95
Q

how many steps are there for process of synaptic transmission

A

8

96
Q

how many sodiums are pumped out for every potassium in

A

3 sodium’s out for every 2 potassium coming in- overall net loss of one positive charge

97
Q

what does the sodium potassium pump do

A

establishes resting potential by actively transporting sodium to the outside and potassium to the inside

98
Q

what is membrane potential

A

voltage created by an imbalance of charges on either side of the membrane

Biology (7 decks)

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