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Biology > 1: Cells > Flashcards

1: Cells Flashcards

1
Q

freeze fracture microscopy:

A

produces images of cell surfaces, freeze sample then use special tool to break into pieces

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2
Q

disadvantages of electron microscopes

A

black and white, non living samples, ong setup

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3
Q

1 advantage of compartmentalisation

A

allows ability to create higher concentration of certain substances

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4
Q

what is the single strand of genetic material in prokaryotes called

A

genophore

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5
Q

what does the RER contain/do

A

has flattened membrane sacs called cisternae, ribosomes studded on the outside, synthesize protein for secretion from the cell, assed to cisternae carried by vesicles off to the golgi

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6
Q

what is a stem cell niche

A

locations that have stem cells and provide an environment that allows stem cells to regulate or differentiate

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7
Q

formation of cell

A

zygote begins dividing, solid ball of 16-32 cells, called morula
after 5-6 days, morula differentiates in hollow ball called blastocyst
trophoblast outer layer, ICM

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8
Q

is the lysosome single or double membrane bound

A

single

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9
Q

2 advantage of compartmentalisation

A

ability to separate toxins damaging things from the rest of the cell

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10
Q

disadvantage of cryogenic microscopy

A

low image contrast, difficult to define features

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11
Q

3 advantage of compartmentalisation

A

control over conditions, optimum ph

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12
Q

golgi apparatus

A

has flattened sacs- cisternae. single membrane. processes proteins brought in vesicles from rer, then carried to plasma membrane

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13
Q

what does the nucleus contain

A

DNA and histone proteins

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14
Q

describe aseptate fungal hyphae

A

for nutrient absorption, typically separated by internal walls but some aren’t and have a continuous cytoplasm with multiple nuclei

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15
Q

are ribosomes single or double bound

A

not bound

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16
Q

advantages of immunofluorescence and dyes

A

see locations in cells

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17
Q

what is fungi cell wall made of

A

chitin

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18
Q

describe red blood cells

A

no nucleus or mitochondria, can’t independently replicate (bone marrow does that)

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19
Q

totipotent stem cells

A

can turn into any type of cell in embryo or placenta (formed after fertilization)

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20
Q

what sort of nutrition do plant cells use

A

autotrophic nutrition via photosynthesis

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21
Q

is the nucleus single or double bound membrane

A

double

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22
Q

3 key cellular concepts of eukaryotic cells

A

genetic material is found in double membrane structure called nucleus

ribosomes are 80S

have a number of membrane bound organelles

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23
Q

what size ribosomes in prokaryotes

24
Q

what sort of nutrition do animal cells undergo

A

heterotrophic nutrition via ingestion

25
what is plant cell wall made of
cellulose
26
what is the smooth ER
brnached network of tubular membranes, smooth because no studded ribosomes. sysnthesizes lipids, phospholipids and steriods
27
unipotent stem cells
differentiates only into associated cell types (liver stem cells--liver cells)
28
pluripotent stem cells
range of cells but not all, body cells (embryonic stem cells of blastocyste)
29
how many nanometers in one micrometer
1000
30
what are the two domains of prokaryotes
archaea and bacteria
31
advantage of electron microscopes
high resolution (shorter wavelength)
32
what are the four types of stem cell
totipotent pluripotent multipotent unipotent
33
how many micrometers in one milimeter
1000
34
advantage of cyrogenic microscopy
resolution of 0.12 mm, individual atoms seen
35
describe skeletal muscle
multinucleate, formed when groups of cells fuse together, called syncytium
36
what does the lysosome contain
digestive enzymes
37
disadvantages of immunofluorescence and dyes
falses, high costs
38
example of cell component that makes use of compartmentalization
lysosomes break down and recycle waste materials in cells, requires use of enzymes which could damage parts of the cell
39
immunofluorescence and dyes:
used to visualize structures, fluorescent tag called fluorophore attached to antibodies specific to antigen, then tagged
40
name four atypical aseptate cells
aseptate fungal hyphae sieve tube elements red blood cells skeletal muscle
41
do chloroplasts have single or double membrane
double
42
do prokaryotes have a cell wall
yes
43
4 advantage of compartmentalisation
separates activity of gene transcription and translation. post transcription modification can happen before mRNA meets ribosomes.
44
name four types of microscopy
electron, cryogenic, immunofluorescence +dyes, freeze fracture.
45
how does electron microscopy work?
sees ultrastructure of cell as small a 0.01 micrometres electrons absorbed by dense part, others scattered or pass through, detected to form image
46
are eukaryotes or prokaryotes single celled
prokaryotes
47
describe sieve tube elements
line the phloem, lack nuclei and have few organelles, flow of sap would be hindered otherwise, rely on companion cells to survive
48
is mitochondria single or double bound
double
49
disadvantages of freeze fracture microscopy
difficult to measure size
50
advantages of freeze fracture microscopy
keep etchings, visual and non visual structures seen
51
multipotent stem cells
can differentiate into several types of mature cell but is restricted (stem cell in adult body or umbilical chord)
52
what are lysosomes formed from
golgi vesicles with lots of protein
53
cryogenic microscopy:
freeze sample to cryogenic temperatures, look at proteins
54
do prokaryotes have compartmentalisation?
no
55
compartmentalization refers to...
the organization of different processes and functions within specific areas or structures within cells separated by membranes
56
What does stage micrometer do
shows actual size, divisions 100 micrometers, or 0.1 mm apart. Each 100micrometer divisision= 20 graticules. ! graticule= 5 micrometers.
57
what sort of nutrition do fungi cells use
heterotrophic nutrition via absorption

Biology (9 decks)

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