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6: Cell Division Flashcards

DNA replication

1
Q

what does DNA polymerase do

A

links nucleotides together, forms new strands using pre-existing strands as a template

catalyses condensation reactions

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2
Q

what happens in prophase 2 meiosis

A

supercoiling
nuclear envelope disintegrates
mitotic spindles form

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3
Q

what separates VNTR fragments

A

gel electrophoresis

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4
Q

what is the order of processes in mitosis

A

(interphase) prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase (cytokinesis)

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5
Q

what two things in meiosis promote genetic variation

A

random orientation
crossing over

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6
Q

The DNA is copied with a high degree of accuracy because

A

each nitrogenous base can only pair with its complementary partner

Adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T) – via two hydrogen bonds

Cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G) – via three hydrogen bonds

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7
Q

bivalent

A

a pair of homologous chromosomes

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8
Q

mitosis produces how many cells and what type

A

2 diploid

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9
Q

what is random orientation

A

where the alignment of chromosomes is random

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10
Q

DNA profiling means

A

individuals can be identified and compared via their respective DNA profiles

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11
Q

what happens after telophase 2 meiosis

A

cytokinesis

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12
Q

what is nondisjunction

A

occurs when chromosomes fail to separate during anaphase one or two, resulting in gametes with an abnormal about of chromosomes

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13
Q

what sort of cells and how many does meiosis make

A

haploid, 4

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14
Q

what phase does DNA replication happen

A

s phase

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15
Q

what is the chiasma

A

is the point of crossing over

where the two homologous chromosomes bivalently

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16
Q

Gel electrophoresis is a laboratory technique used to separate and isolate DNA fragments based on

A

mass/size

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17
Q

what two enzymes are involved

A

helicase and dna polymerase

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18
Q

what is synapsis

A

formation of the bivalent

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19
Q

DNA replication is what (one word)

A

semi conservative

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20
Q

what is it called when there is a third chromosome in number 21

A

trisomy of the 21st chromosome

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21
Q

which chromosome is associated with downs

A

21st

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22
Q

rule: any band that appears in the childs profiling, must be present in

A

either the mother or fathers

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23
Q

DNA can be amplified via

A

PCR

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24
Q

explain gel electrophoresis

A

Samples placed in a block of gel and an electric current is applied which causes the samples to move

separate because DNA is negatively charged due to phosphate group

Smaller samples are less impeded by the gel matrix and hence will move faster through the gel

This causes samples of different sizes to separate as they travel at different speeds

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25
when does random orientation happen
metaphase one or two
26
what happens in prophase mitosis
DNA supercoils and condenses Nuclear envelope disintegrates Mitotic spindle forms
27
what does PCR stand for
polymerase chain reaction
28
when is the only time a DNA molecule is replicated
when a new cell is required (DNA replication only occurs during the S phase of interphase)
29
Everyone has repeating non coding regions of DNA that are unique to them called
VNTR's
30
what happens in prophase 1 meiosis
DNA supercoil nuclear envelope disintegrates homologous chromosomes pair crossing over
31
VNTR's stand for what
variable number tandem repeats
32
what is commonly related to a child having downs syndrome
maternal age
33
give 2 examples of unequal cytokinesis
oogenesis budding in yeast
34
what happens in metaphase mitosis
chromosomes move into the middle centrosomes reach opposite poles
35
when does crossing over occur
prophase 1
36
oogenesis produces what
produces oocytes and 3 polar bodies
37
what happens after telophase 1 in meiosis
cytokinesis
38
what happens in telophase 1 meiosis
nuclear envelope forms spindles disappear
39
what is crossing over
exchange of alleles between non sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes
40
how does cytokinesis happen in plant cells
cell plate forms at equator formed from vesicles
41
what happens in metaphase 1 meiosis
chromosomes move to the metaphase plate independent assortment
42
what happens in anaphase 1 meiosis
separation of homologous chromosomes
43
what type of enzyme chops the DNA in gel electrophoresis
restriction enzymes
44
PCR technique can be used to
to amplify large quantities of a specific sequence of DNA from an initial minute sample
45
what does helicase do
unwinds the dna, causes hydrogen bonds to break between pairs, exposing bases
46
what happens in anaphase 2 in meiosis
sister chromatids move to opposite poles
47
DNA can be separated via
gel electrophoresis
48
what happens in interphase mitosis
growing and making copies of DNA (DNA is not condensed)
49
what happens in interphase meiosis
DNA replication DNA not condensed
50
what is the name for the gap beginning to form in cytokinesis
cleavage furrow
51
what happens in anaphase mitosis
sister chromatids move to opposite poles
52
what happens in telophase 2 in meiosis
nuclear envelope forms spindles disappears
53
why does DNA replication need to happen?
to prepare a cell for mitosis/ cell division
54
name 3 applications of electrophoresis and PCR
DNA profiling Gene cloning involves the use of these techniques to insert genes of interest into different species Sequencing uses these techniques to determine specific DNA sequences
55
what does semiconservative mean
One strand will be from the original template molecule (conserved) One strand will be newly synthesised (not conserved)
56
what does crossing over occur between
homologous chromosomes
57
what is the first step of PCR
Denaturation – DNA sample is heated (~90ºC) to separate the two strands
58
what is the second step of PCR
Annealing – Sample is cooled (~55ºC) to allow primers to anneal (primers designate sequence to be copied)
59
what are 5 requirements for a PCR
1) the target DNA or RNA being amplified 2) section identified by adding a primer sequence 3) taq polymerase 4) free nucleotides for constructing strands 5) buffer solution for optimum pH
60
what happens in metaphase 2 meiosis
chromosomes move to metaphase plate
61
what happens in telophase mitosis
nuclear envelope forms spindles disappear Chromosomes decondense
62
why is taq polymerase used
doesn't denature at high temps
63
what is the third step of PCR
Elongation – Sample is heated to the optimal temperature for a heat-tolerant polymerase (Taq) to function (~75ºC)

Biology (10 decks)

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