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Biology > 6: Cell Division > Flashcards

6: Cell Division Flashcards

DNA replication

1
Q

what does DNA polymerase do

A

links nucleotides together, forms new strands using pre-existing strands as a template

catalyses condensation reactions

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2
Q

what happens in prophase 2 meiosis

A

supercoiling
nuclear envelope disintegrates
mitotic spindles form

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3
Q

what separates VNTR fragments

A

gel electrophoresis

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4
Q

what is the order of processes in mitosis

A

(interphase) prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase (cytokinesis)

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5
Q

what two things in meiosis promote genetic variation

A

random orientation
crossing over

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6
Q

The DNA is copied with a high degree of accuracy because

A

each nitrogenous base can only pair with its complementary partner

Adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T) – via two hydrogen bonds

Cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G) – via three hydrogen bonds

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7
Q

bivalent

A

a pair of homologous chromosomes

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8
Q

mitosis produces how many cells and what type

A

2 diploid

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9
Q

what is random orientation

A

where the alignment of chromosomes is random

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10
Q

DNA profiling means

A

individuals can be identified and compared via their respective DNA profiles

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11
Q

what happens after telophase 2 meiosis

A

cytokinesis

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12
Q

what is nondisjunction

A

occurs when chromosomes fail to separate during anaphase one or two, resulting in gametes with an abnormal about of chromosomes

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13
Q

what sort of cells and how many does meiosis make

A

haploid, 4

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14
Q

what phase does DNA replication happen

A

s phase

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15
Q

what is the chiasma

A

is the point of crossing over

where the two homologous chromosomes bivalently

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16
Q

Gel electrophoresis is a laboratory technique used to separate and isolate DNA fragments based on

A

mass/size

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17
Q

what two enzymes are involved

A

helicase and dna polymerase

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18
Q

what is synapsis

A

formation of the bivalent

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19
Q

DNA replication is what (one word)

A

semi conservative

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20
Q

what is it called when there is a third chromosome in number 21

A

trisomy of the 21st chromosome

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21
Q

which chromosome is associated with downs

A

21st

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22
Q

rule: any band that appears in the childs profiling, must be present in

A

either the mother or fathers

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23
Q

DNA can be amplified via

A

PCR

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24
Q

explain gel electrophoresis

A

Samples placed in a block of gel and an electric current is applied which causes the samples to move

separate because DNA is negatively charged due to phosphate group

Smaller samples are less impeded by the gel matrix and hence will move faster through the gel

This causes samples of different sizes to separate as they travel at different speeds

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25
Q

when does random orientation happen

A

metaphase one or two

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26
Q

what happens in prophase mitosis

A

DNA supercoils and condenses
Nuclear envelope disintegrates
Mitotic spindle forms

27
Q

what does PCR stand for

A

polymerase chain reaction

28
Q

when is the only time a DNA molecule is replicated

A

when a new cell is required (DNA replication only occurs during the S phase of interphase)

29
Q

Everyone has repeating non coding regions of DNA that are unique to them called

A

VNTR’s

30
Q

what happens in prophase 1 meiosis

A

DNA supercoil
nuclear envelope disintegrates
homologous chromosomes pair
crossing over

31
Q

VNTR’s stand for what

A

variable number tandem repeats

32
Q

what is commonly related to a child having downs syndrome

A

maternal age

33
Q

give 2 examples of unequal cytokinesis

A

oogenesis
budding in yeast

34
Q

what happens in metaphase mitosis

A

chromosomes move into the middle
centrosomes reach opposite poles

35
Q

when does crossing over occur

A

prophase 1

36
Q

oogenesis produces what

A

produces oocytes and 3 polar bodies

37
Q

what happens after telophase 1 in meiosis

A

cytokinesis

38
Q

what happens in telophase 1 meiosis

A

nuclear envelope forms
spindles disappear

39
Q

what is crossing over

A

exchange of alleles between non sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes

40
Q

how does cytokinesis happen in plant cells

A

cell plate forms at equator formed from vesicles

41
Q

what happens in metaphase 1 meiosis

A

chromosomes move to the metaphase plate
independent assortment

42
Q

what happens in anaphase 1 meiosis

A

separation of homologous chromosomes

43
Q

what type of enzyme chops the DNA in gel electrophoresis

A

restriction enzymes

44
Q

PCR technique can be used to

A

to amplify large quantities of a specific sequence of DNA from an initial minute sample

45
Q

what does helicase do

A

unwinds the dna, causes hydrogen bonds to break between pairs, exposing bases

46
Q

what happens in anaphase 2 in meiosis

A

sister chromatids move to opposite poles

47
Q

DNA can be separated via

A

gel electrophoresis

48
Q

what happens in interphase mitosis

A

growing and making copies of DNA
(DNA is not condensed)

49
Q

what happens in interphase meiosis

A

DNA replication
DNA not condensed

50
Q

what is the name for the gap beginning to form in cytokinesis

A

cleavage furrow

51
Q

what happens in anaphase mitosis

A

sister chromatids move to opposite poles

52
Q

what happens in telophase 2 in meiosis

A

nuclear envelope forms
spindles disappears

53
Q

why does DNA replication need to happen?

A

to prepare a cell for mitosis/ cell division

54
Q

name 3 applications of electrophoresis and PCR

A

DNA profiling

Gene cloning involves the use of these techniques to insert genes of interest into different species

Sequencing uses these techniques to determine specific DNA sequences

55
Q

what does semiconservative mean

A

One strand will be from the original template molecule (conserved)

One strand will be newly synthesised (not conserved)

56
Q

what does crossing over occur between

A

homologous chromosomes

57
Q

what is the first step of PCR

A

Denaturation – DNA sample is heated (~90ºC) to separate the two strands

58
Q

what is the second step of PCR

A

Annealing – Sample is cooled (~55ºC) to allow primers to anneal (primers designate sequence to be copied)

59
Q

what are 5 requirements for a PCR

A

1) the target DNA or RNA being amplified
2) section identified by adding a primer sequence
3) taq polymerase
4) free nucleotides for constructing strands
5) buffer solution for optimum pH

60
Q

what happens in metaphase 2 meiosis

A

chromosomes move to metaphase plate

61
Q

what happens in telophase mitosis

A

nuclear envelope forms
spindles disappear
Chromosomes decondense

62
Q

why is taq polymerase used

A

doesn’t denature at high temps

63
Q

what is the third step of PCR

A

Elongation – Sample is heated to the optimal temperature for a heat-tolerant polymerase (Taq) to function (~75ºC)

Biology (7 decks)

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