2: Molecules of Life & 3: Membranes Flashcards
1
Q
A
2
Q
example of when adhesion is used
A
capillary action in soil and plant cell walls
3
Q
name 3 monosaccharides
A
glucose, fructose, galactosei
4
Q
what is lactose made up of
A
galactose and glucose
5
Q
which side of a water molecule is partially negative?
A
Oxygen
6
Q
what is the mnemonic for the function of membrane proteins
A
JETRAT
7
Q
what is cohesion
A
attraction between water molecules
8
Q
how is the black throated loom adapted?
A
hydro and aero dynamic, reduces drag in viscous water, oiled exterior exclude water, insulated air trapped in down feathers
9
Q
what does hypertonic mean
A
very concentrated
10
Q
are purine bases double or single ringed?
A
double
11
Q
what is in the hydrophobic tails
A
fatty acids, unsaturated and saturated
12
Q
what is the mnemonic for the functions of proteins
A
SHITSME
13
Q
what sort of solvents are lipids soluble in
A
non polar
14
Q
definition of denaturing
A
when a protein changes shape due to the bonds holding the tertiary structure breaking
15
Q
are lipids hydrophobic or philic
A
hydrophobic
16
Q
is a phospholipid hydrophobic or hydrophilic
A
neither- amphipathic
17
Q
name 3 polysaccharides
A
starch, glycogen, cellulose
18
Q
where is the intermolecular bond for water?
A
between the oxygen and hydrogen between water molecules
19
Q
how many amino acids are there
A
20
20
Q
what is the A and G base called
A
adenine and guanine
21
Q
what does the S in shitsme stand for
A
structure, eg collagen or connective tissue
22
Q
what is sucrose made up of
A
glucose and fructose
23
Q
what does hydrophilic mean
A
interacts well with water by forming hydrogen bonds, often polar
24
Q
what sort of protein does active transport use
A
carrier
25
what are the C T and U bases
cytosine, thymine, uracil
26
which form of starch is helix
amylose
27
what does electronegativity mean
the pair of electrons in each covalent bond is not equally shared between oxygen and hydrogen atom
28
how many codons are there
64
29
what is in the primary structure of proteins
number and sequence of amino acids
30
what is maltose made up of
glucose and glucose
31
what molecules use carrier proteins
glucose, larger molecules
32
which display formula of glucose has H above and OH below
alpha
33
name 4 differences between RNA and DNA
-double helix, only in nucleus, deoxyribose, ATCG
- single strand, cytoplasm and nucleus, ribose, AUCG
34
is cholesterol hydrophbic,philic or amphipathic
amphipathic
35
do A and T have double or triple bonds
double
36
what is a proteome
the set of proteins made by an organism
37
what kind of saccharide is fructose
monosaccharide
38
what does the second S in shitsme stand for
sensation, eg rhodopsin, pigment in retina cells for light detection
39
what is different in the forming of a phospholipid
2 fatty acids, glycerol, one phosphate group
40
in a condensation reaction to form a triglyceride, a water molecule is released and what bond is formed
ester
41
what is an aquaporin
special channels that make it easier for water to move via osmosis, some cells have aquaporins, eg, kidney collecting duct
42
name 3 disaccharides
maltose, sucrose, lactose
43
are lipids polar or non polar
non polar
44
tell me about trans unsaturated fatty acids
hydrogen on opposite sides, straightens chain
45
tell me about cis unsaturated fatty acids
hydrogen on the same side of the chain- bend in chain
46
what is in the secondary structure of proteins
regions where polypeptide chains coil
47
how is a phosphodiester bond formed
condensation, water molecule released
48
what is the bond that connects the sugar of a nucleotide to the phosphate of another?
covalent phosphodiester bond
49
what does the H in shitsme stand for
hormones, eg insulin
50
what molecules are transported by simple diffusion
small, non polar, hydrophobic molecules
51
which bases are purine bases?
AG
52
what ions use channel proteins
Na+, K+, Cl-
53
what are the two ways the polypeptide chains can coil in the secondary structure
alpha helix or beta sheet
54
are pyrmidine bases single or double ringed?
single
55
combining saccharides is a what reaction
reversible condensation reaction
56
which form of starch is branched
amylopectin
57
what is adhesion
attraction between water and other materials
58
DNA and RNA have contrasting functions, what are RNA's functions
mRNA carries genetic info of a gene from nucleus to ribosome
tRNA carries amino acids to ribosome
59
what is a codon
3 bases that code for a specific amino acid
60
what does hydrophobic mean
doesnt form hydrogen bonds with water, often non polar
61
2 similarities of RNA and DNA
both polymers of nucleotides
both have phosphodiester bonds
62
what bonds connect monosaccharides to make polysaccharides
glycosydic
63
in a condensation reaction with amino acids to form a protein, H2O is remived and a ______bond is formed
peptide
64
what is a phospholipid made up of
a hydrophilic head, 2 hydrophobic tails
65
what bond connects two nitrogenous bases in DNA
hydrogen bond
66
is cellulose alpha or beta glucose
beta
67
when you denature a protein which structure's bonds are broken
tertiary
68
is glycogen branched or not
branched
69
what does the I in shitsme stand for
immunity, eg immunoglobins, antibodies produced by plasma
70
a protein has a ________ _____ group and _____ group
carboxylic acid and amine
71
tell me about monounsaturated fatty acids
contains one double bond, kink in the chain
72
DNA and RNA have contrasting functions, what are DNA's functions
stores genetic info, stays in nucleus
73
what is a gene
sequence of bases in a DNA molecule that contain info for a specific protein
74
what bases are pyrmidine
C,T,U
75
what is the formula for ribose (and deoxyribose)
C5H10O5
C5H10O4
76
what bonds are in the primary structure of a protein
peptide only
77
example of when cohesion is used
transporting water up the xylem/ pond skaters
78
how many bonds between C and G
three
79
where is the intramolecular bond for water?
between hydrogen and oxygen within the molecule
80
saturated fatty acids have straight linear shape- what about double bonds
no double bonds
81
essential amino acids you do or don't have to eat in your diet
do
82
what does the T in shitsme stand for
transport, eg haemoglobin transports oxygen
83
tell me about polyunsaturated fatty acids
contains more than one double bond, lots of kinks
84
what is the definition for osmosis
the net movement of water molecules though a partially permeable membrane from a solution with a low solute concentration (dilute, high water p) to an area with a high solute concentration (concentrated, low water p)
85
what does the M in shitsme stand for
movement, eg actin, filaments that contract muscle fibres
86
what bonds are in the tertiary structure of a protein
hydrogen, ionic, disulphide bridges, hydrophobic/phyllic attractions
87
triglycerides are formed by the condensation of what two components
glycerol, 3 fatty acids
88
example of a protein that has a quaternary structure
haemoglobin, 2 alpha chains 2 beta sheets
89
there are two different ways to draw glucose, this is because they are
isomers
90
more double bonds in fatty acids=
lower melting point
91
what bonds are in the secondary structure of a protein
hydrogen only
92
what does jetrat stand for
junctions, enzymes, transport, recognition, anchorage, transduction
93
glucose and glucose in a condensation reaction makes
water and maltose
94
do lipids have a high or low solubility
low
95
what does isotonic mean
same dilution/concentration
96
4 properties of water:
viscosity, buoyancy, thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity
97
what does the E in shitsme stand for
Enzymes
98
when is there a quaternary structure
when protein is made up of more than one polypeptide chain
99
do saturated fatty acids have a high or low melting point
high
100
how is a ringed seal adapted
swim efficiently, hydrodynamic shape reduces drag due to viscosity, low density blubber increases buoyancy, insulated blubber reduces heat loss
101
what are polysaccharides
monosaccharides joined by glycosydic bonds by condesation reactions
102
what is in the hydrophilic head
phosphate and glycero
103
is simple diffusion an active or passive process
passive
104
is facilitated diffusion an active or passive process
passive
105
is oxygen or hydrogen more electronegative
oxygen is MORE electronegative
