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Biology > 5: Ecology > Flashcards

5: Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

what species shows difference in fundamental and realised niche

A

barnacles

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2
Q

what two things are present in corals symbiotic relationship

A

coral polyp, offering shelter, and zooxanthellae algae for photosynthesis

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3
Q

coral is a what relationship

A

symbiotic

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4
Q

what is a biome

A

a large community of plants and animals that occured as a result of environmental factors

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5
Q

what two factors determine the development of a biome

A

temperature and rainfall

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6
Q

distribution is

A

where a species is found in an ecosystem

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7
Q

what is a niche

A

role of a species within a habitat

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8
Q

coral has limited distribution because it has a low

A

range of tolerance

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9
Q

2 adaptations of orchid mantis

A

female looks similar to orchid
male mantis plain and camo’s into branches

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10
Q

roles in a niche include

A

what it eats, time of day its active, where it lives and feeds

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11
Q

marram grass: why is thick waxy cuticle good

A

reduces evaporation

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12
Q

in marram grass water is lost easily from transpiration because of dry air, soil water availability is low meaning

A

this water isnt easy to replace

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13
Q

what is a realised niche

A

the actual conditions and resources in which a species exists

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14
Q

marram grass disadvantage: dry airs means that water evaporates quickly from the leaf because of a

A

steep concentration gradient

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15
Q

what are 2 hot desert adaptations species examples

A

saguaro cactus and kangaroo rats

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16
Q
A
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17
Q

coral and temperature

A

rising global temps= polyps expel algae, bleached

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18
Q

what is the name of algae on coral

A

zooxanthellae

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19
Q

3 adaptations of marram grass:

A

leaves rolled in
sunken stomata pits
thick waxy cuticles

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20
Q

coral and pH

A

outer calcium carbonate layer dissolves if pH is too low
and needs calcium ions to make outer layer
if there is H present, calcium ion availability reduces because they bond
H is present in lower pH
now more common, co2 dissolved lowers sea ph

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21
Q

mangrove disadvantage: roots submerged in sea water meaning

A

cells cant take in oxygen for respiration underwater

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22
Q

what is a habitat

A

a place where an organism lives

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23
Q

where do you find marram grass

A

sand dunes

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24
Q

a habitat can contain many species from a

A

community

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25
Q

what abiotic factors do mangrove trees face

A

high salinity, low fresh water sources, low oxy available

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26
Q

fundamental niche of a species is

A

the full range of conditions and resources with no limiting factors or predetation in which a species could survive and reproduce based on adaptations and tolerance

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27
Q

examples of abiotic factors

A

light intensity, temp, humidity, soil pH

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28
Q

what abiotic factors does marram grass face

A

low water, high salinity, low nutrient levels

29
Q

two tropical rainforest adaptation species examples

A

kapok tree
orchid mantis

30
Q

you can investigate limiting abiotic factors on distribution by using

A

transect sampling

31
Q

what does range of tolerance mean

A

certain conditions are ideal, but some variation can be tolerated

32
Q

what interactions means realised niche is smaller than fundamental

A

biotic

33
Q

2 adaptations of kangaroo rats

A

live underground to avoid hot daytime
extract water from diet to produce concentrated urine

34
Q

marram grass: why are sunken stomata pits good

A

traps water vapour

35
Q

no two species can occupy the same niche, what principle is that

A

gauses competetive exclusion principle

36
Q

what factors affect coral distribution

A

water depth, salinity, temperatre, pH

37
Q

marram grass: why is leaves rolled good

A

traps water vapour, lowers concentration gradient

38
Q

mangrove disadvantage: salty water meaning

A

surrounding sea water has a higher solute concentration, risk of root cell loosing water by osmosis

39
Q

adaptations are what

A

traits that increase survival chance in a specific environment

40
Q

coral and water depth

A

needs to be in a shallow area so it has light for photosynthesis

41
Q

2 adaptations of kapok tree

A

rapid growth to outcompete species
wide buttress roots to support growth

42
Q

two good plant species to show adaptations to environment

A

mangroves, marram grass

43
Q

adaptations of black mangrove

A

pneumatophores grow vertically
and excrete salt through salt glands

44
Q

what words describes marram grass, as it is adapted for dry conditions

A

xerophyle

45
Q

4 adaptations of saguaro cactuses

A

thick waxy cuticle
spines instead of leaves to reduce water loss
cells in stem expand to take more water
deep tap root + shallow root for rainfall

46
Q

adaptations of red mangrove:

A

prop roots: ariel root system for oxygen and grants stability

47
Q

why is a realised niche much smaller

A

due to biotic interactions: other species and competition, they are restricted areas where other species are scare

48
Q

what are obligate anaerobes

A

only carry out anaerobic respiration
cannot tolerate oxygen

49
Q

what is the word equation for anaerobic respiration

A

Glucose → lactic acid (+ energy).

50
Q

The word equation for aerobic respiration is:

A

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy released

51
Q

word equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast

A

glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy released

52
Q

what are facultative anaerobes

A

mainly respire aerobically, but can switch fully to anaerobic in the absence of oxygen

no negative effects of switching (brewers yeast)

53
Q

what are obligate aerobes

A

cannot survive in absence of oxygen, rely on aerobic to release energy from food
can carry out anaerobic for a short time

54
Q

what are two types of nutrition

A

autotroph, heterotroph

55
Q

what is autotrophy

A

produces own organic molecules from environments, simple inorganic substances

56
Q

what are two types of autotroph

A

photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs

57
Q

what are photoautotrophs

A

seaweed, cyanobacteria

58
Q

where do chemoautotrophs get their energy from?

A

energy from oxidation of chemicals

59
Q

where do heterotrophs gain energy from?

A

gains organic molecules from tissues of other organisms

60
Q

what nutrition do heterotrophs that gain organic molecules by ingesting, digesting, eating, absorbing and assimilating use?

A

holozoic nutrition

61
Q

are mixotrophs single or multicellular

A

single

62
Q

what are mixotrophs one life

A

can use more than one method of digestion

63
Q

obligate mixotrophs must have what

A

constantly access to both forms of nutrition

64
Q

facultative mixotrophs can

A

survuve using one method of nutrition, supplemented by others

65
Q

examples of mixotrophs

A

euglena cells
carnivorous plants
coral

66
Q

what are saprotrophs?

A

heterotrophs that ingest tissues of dead organisms by secreting enzymes externally

67
Q

example of saprotroph

A

fungi bacteria decomposers

68
Q

importance of saprotrophs

A

they decompose dead organic material and break it down into humus, minerals and nutrient resources that can be utilised by plants

69
Q
A

Biology (7 decks)

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