10: Reproduction Flashcards by Cecily Harley

what are types of reproductoin

asexual and sexual

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what are the two stages of sexual reproduction

making gametes by meiosis
fertilization

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what are three advantages of sexual reproduction

increases genetic variation
can adopt to changing environment
less vulnerable to disease

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three disadvantages of sexual reproduction

takes time and energy to find mates

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what are two advantages of asexual reproduction

population can increase rapidly in correct conditions

time/energy efficient

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three disadvantages of asexual reproduction

limited genetic variation
vulnerable to environmental changes
vulnerable to disease

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three features of male gametes

mini
many
motile

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three features of female gametes

few
fat
fixed

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how to asexual offspring get genetic variation

mutation

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how do sexual offspring get genetic variation?

50% of DNA from 2 parents
production of gametes by meiosis
random distribution of chromosomes into gametes in meiosis

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example of asexually reproducing organisms

strawberry runners

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where is FSH made

anterior pituitary

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where is LH made

anterior pituitary

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where is progesterone and oestrogen made

ovaries

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what day is ovulation day

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what does FSH do

stimulates egg maturation
stimulates follicles in ovary to secrete oestrogen

what hormone does FSH stimulate/inhibit

stimulates follicles in ovary to secrete oestrogen

what does LH do

stimulate ovulation (release of oocyte)
results in corpus luteum formation
stimulates progesterone

what hormone does LH stimulate/inhibit

stimulates progesterone

what does progesterone do?

produced by the corpus luteum
rises once ovulation happens
maintains endometrium lining
inhibits LH and FSH

what hormone does progesterone stimulate/inhibit

inhibits LH and FSH

what does oestrogen do?

produced by the egg follicle/ corpus luteum post ovulation
causes endometrium to thicken

what hormone does LH stimulate/inhibit

inhibits LH and FSH after ovulation
oestrogen stimulates the release of LH when high enough

how does the reproductive system know not to repeat the cycle

implanted embryo secretes hormone called hCG into maternal blood

what does hCG stand for

human chorionic gonadotrophin

what does hCG do

causes corpus luteum to persist, so it keeps making progesterone, stops the endo lining from breaking down

what is corona radiata

an outer layer of follicular (granulosa) cells that form around a developing oocyte in the ovary and remain with it upon ovulation.

what cells surround the oocyte

ovarian follicle cells

what is the layer surrounding the secondary oocyte

zona pellucida

steps of sperm embedding into the egg

1) sperm becomes hypermobile- bashes cells (corona radiata) to the oocyte 2) enzymes from acrosome digest the zona pellucida 3) sperm binds to receptors on the oocyte's membrane. The sperm and oocyte membranes fuse, the sperm nucleus to enter the oocyte 4) enzymes released from cortical granules digest receptor proteins which harden the zona pellucida

2 ways to prevent polyspermy

enzymes released from cortical granules digest receptor proteins which harden the zona pellucida limited number of sperm reaching the egg

what is the success rate of IVF

30%

what is step 1 of IVF

drug is taken by woman to inhibit FSH and LH secretion- cause oestrogen and prog to also stop

why do they do step one of IVF

halts menstrual cycle, doctors can control timing/quantity of egg production

what is step 2 of IVF

woman given FSH and LH in high concentration (superovulation) to stimulate follicle development

what is step 3 of IVF

eggs collected and fertlized by sperm in sterile lab conditions, turn into embryos

step 4 IVF

48 hours later two embryos are inserted into uterus

step 5 of IVF

extra progesterone is given to the women to ensure endometrium is maintained