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Biology > 7: Metabolism > Flashcards

7: Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

why is photolysis

A

the stage of photosynthesis where water us split by light

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2
Q

what can happen as a result of the DNA strands being separated

A

mutations

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3
Q

in induced fit binding, when the active site changes slightly what is it called?

A

conformational changes

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4
Q

anabolism does or doesn’t require input of energy

A

does

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5
Q

feature of ATP, releases small sufficient amounts of energy

A

enough to drive metabolic reactions, keeping energy wastage low

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6
Q

catabolism is the _________ of _______ molecules into _______ molecules

A

breakdown, complex, simpler

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7
Q

what is a respiratory substrate

A

any molecule that can be broken down in respiration to release energy

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8
Q

example of anabolic reaction

A

photosynthesis

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9
Q

what happens in denaturation

A

hydrogen bond holding enzymes break

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10
Q

feature of ATP, can be recycled

A

reversible reaction

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11
Q

what does RNA polymerase do?

A

separates strands, adds RNA nucleotides and creates sugar phosphate bond to create a continuous strand

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12
Q

how does photolysis happen

A

the energy in photons is used to split water molecules, generating hydrogen ions, electrons and oxygen

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13
Q

how many molecules of ATP does aerobic respiration make

A

36 molecules

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14
Q

what enzyme is involved in protein synthesis

A

RNA polymerase

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15
Q

what is a recent hypothesis similar to the lock and key method about enzymes

A

induced- fit binding

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16
Q

what sort of proteins are enzymes?

A

complex globular proteins

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17
Q

what does ATP stand for

A

adenosine triphosphate- its an RNA nucleotide

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18
Q

how many molecules of ATP does anaerobic respiration make

A

2 molecules

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19
Q

what is the sense strand

A

strand of DNa that actually has the genetic information that wants to be copied on it

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20
Q
A
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21
Q

run through induced fit binding

A
  • substrate(s) binds to active site
  • active site changes shape
  • affects bonding in substrate(s)
  • product(s) released
  • active site returns to original shape
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22
Q

what is photolysis need for

A

to access hydrogen from water, it is needed to convert carbon dioxide into glucose

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23
Q

what do conformational changes in induced fit bindings ensure?

A

ensures ideal binding arrangements and maximises ability of enzyme to catalyse

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24
Q

enzymes are what?

A

biological catalysts

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25
Q

what can ATP turn into when the bond between 2nd and 3rd phosphate

A

ADP, adenine diphosphate

26
Q

what two things ensure the active site has properties for catalysis

A

amino acids found in active site- interactions with these
3D structure of the enzyme

27
Q

greek way to remember whether catabolism is synthesis or breakdown

A

kata- down
ana- up

28
Q

what is gene expression

A

protein production using the sequence of bases in a a gene. not all genes are expressed, only those that are are transcribed

29
Q

what are the two reactions involved in photosynthesis

A

light dependent reactions, light independent reactions

30
Q

metabolism is…

A

the complex network of independent and interacting chemical reactions in living organisms

31
Q

how many phosphates in ATP

A

3

32
Q

what is the antisense strand

A

the strand that is used for transcription

33
Q

what controls metabolic pathways

A

enzymes

34
Q

anabolism is the _________ of _______ molecules from _______ molecules

A

synthesis, complex, simpler

35
Q

what are two types of metabolic reactions

A

anabolic and catabolic

36
Q

name 5 features of ATP

A

releases sufficient amounts of energy
stable
recyclable
hydrolysis is quick
soluble

37
Q

feature of ATP, stable molecule

A

doesn’t break now with AT pase

38
Q

what are cyanobacteria

A

photosynthetic bacteria

39
Q

5 variables affecting rate of cell respiration

A

how metabolically active
size of organism
temp
ph
oxygen supply

40
Q

what does catabolism include?

A

hydrolysis of macromolecules into monomers

41
Q

feature of ATP, hydrolysis is quick/easy

A

cells respond quickly if increase in demand

42
Q

what is the order of the PEA sites?

A

EPA, but going right to left

43
Q

what is a catalyst?

A

a substance that increases rate of chemical reactions but is not changed or used up

44
Q

is energy released in anabolism or catabolism

A

catabolism

45
Q

active site of an enzyme is a result of what chains?

A

folding polypeptide chains

46
Q

what does anabolism include?

A

forming macromolecules from monomers by condensation

47
Q

3 ways enzyme substrate collisions can happen

A

substrate is stationary, enzyme moves (DNA REP)

enzyme is stationary, substrate moves (ATP SYNTHASE EMBEDDED IN CELL MEMBRANE)

both can move (MOST CELLULAR REACTIONS)

48
Q

what happens in the A site

A

binding for tRNA, peptide bond is formed between amino acid and polypeptide chain

49
Q

induced fit binding- one sentence

A

active site is substrate specific but not in a fixed shape

50
Q

in the ribosome, does the small or big subunit bind to the mRNA

A

small

51
Q

example of a catabolic reaction

A

cell respiration

52
Q

what is the equation for photolysis

A

2H2O+photons–> 4H+ +O2 +4e-

53
Q

feature of ATP, soluble

A

transported easily

54
Q

what enzyme is involved in DNA replication

A

helicase

55
Q

what are photosynthetic bacteria…

A

cyanobacteria

56
Q

in order for a catalysed reaction to happen in an enzyme, what two things must the substrate be?

A

correct orientation
correct speed

57
Q

which bond being broken in ATP releases energy

A

2-3 phosphate

58
Q

What is the respiratory substrate in most cells

A

glucose

59
Q

what two things does a tRNA have on it

A

amino acid, anticodon

60
Q

cell respiration is a complex series of _______ ________ that break down _____ compounds, which ______ _______, which is then used to produce ___ molecules.

A

metabolic pathways
carbon
releasing energy
ATP

61
Q

how do enzymes speed reactions?

A

lowering activation energy

Biology (7 decks)

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