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VPH 122 > 9. NIPAH > Flashcards

9. NIPAH Flashcards

1
Q

Negative-strand
RNA

A

Henipavirus

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2
Q

from
family?
genus?

A

f. Paramyxoviridae
genus Henipavirus

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3
Q

Species? (2)

A
  1. Hendra henipavirus
  2. Nipah henipavirus
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4
Q

In what BSL facility is a Nipah virus?

A

BSL 4

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5
Q

It first appeared in (2) countries

A
  1. Malaysia
  2. Singapore
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6
Q

Give the country:

  • pigs to humans & bats because of trees
A

Malaysia

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7
Q

Give the country:

  • date palm sap where the bats drank from
A

Bangladesh

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8
Q

Give the country:

  • human ate dead horse
A

Philippines

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9
Q

Nipah reservoir host

A

Pteropus bat

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10
Q

Naturally, dissemination of NiV occurs in the host via

A

blood

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11
Q

The NiV uses
a) _______
b) to attach to ____

or to a lesser extent, ephron-B3 receptors.

A

a) glycoprotein G
b) ephrin B2

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12
Q

where Ephrin-B2 receptors are expressed (3)

followed by (3)

A
  1. endothelium
  2. smooth muscle
  3. brain

followed by:
4. lungs
5. placenta
6. prostate

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13
Q

As a result of the high expression of NiV receptors in ______, NiV has the highest neurologic disease potential which is often lethal

A

central nervous system

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14
Q

NiV are carried by ___ ___ (also known as megabats)

It belongs to the family Pteropodidae family (Pteropus genus).

A

fruit bats

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15
Q

What kind of fruit bats?

A

flying fox

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16
Q

Infected bats shed NiV virus in their (4), but are symptomless carriers.

[ suse ]

A
  1. saliva
  2. urine
  3. semen
  4. excreta
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17
Q

Humans can be infected through direct exposure to Pteropus (2)

A
  1. saliva
  2. excrement
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18
Q

______ was identified as the predominant mode of transmission in the 1998-1999 Malaysia Singapore outbreaks, where 90 of the infected people were PIG FARMERS.

A

Direct contact with NiV infected pigs

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19
Q

Do DOGS & CATS play a significant role in the zoonotic transmission of Nipah?

A

NO

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20
Q

Nipah Virus infection has
also been found among
______

A

hospital workers

21
Q

Is there a nosocomial transmission in Nipah?

A

YES

in Siliguri, India

22
Q

The NiV can survive up to
___ days in some fruit juices or mangoes and at least 7 days in date sap kept at 22 C

A

3

23
Q

The virus resists for
approximately __ __ hours in the urine of reservoir bats

A

18 hours

24
Q

Can Nipah be inactivated by heat?

A

YES

100C for longer than 15 mins

25
Q

Countries where Nipah occured?

A
  1. Malaysia
  2. Singapore
  3. India
  4. Bangladesh
  5. Philippines
26
Q

Incubation period of NiV?

A

4 - 14 days

27
Q

Is there asymptomatic infections?

A

YES

  • Asymptomatic infection
  • to acute respiratory infection
  • to mild, severe, and fatal
    encephalitis
28
Q

NiV primarily affects the ___ via:
- endothelial
- vascular
- parenchymal cell

A

CNS

29
Q

NiV has high rates of viral replication in ____ cells.

A

neuronal cells

30
Q

Where does Nipah affect pigs?

A
  1. respiratory system
  2. nervous system
31
Q

Known as Known as porcine respiratory and neurologic syndrome (2)

A

1) PRES - Porcine Respiratory & Encephalitic Syndrome

2) BPS - Barking Pig Syndrome

32
Q

Morbidity of Nipah is high in what age group?

A

ALL age group

33
Q

Mortality in suckling pigs (less than 4 weeks of age)

A

40%

  • dyspnea
  • muscle tremors
34
Q

respiratory signs on pigs with Nipah

A

encephalitis (sows & boars)

35
Q

Is there asymptomatic symptoms?

A

Yes, for some

36
Q

Is there natural infection of Nipah in DOGS?

A

Yes, distemper-like syndrome (with high mortality death rate)

37
Q

Can cats be infected with Nipah?

A

Yes, symptomatic

38
Q

Nipah virus infection can be diagnosed with clinical history during the 1) acute and 2) _______ phase of the disease.

A

convalescent

39
Q

Diagnosis of Nipah

A

RT-PCR

from bodily fluids and antibody detection via enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

40
Q

Specimens used during acute phase of infection used for PCR testing of Nipah

A
  1. CSF
  2. blood
  3. nasal/throat
  4. urine
41
Q

(3) reasons for emergence of Nipah

A
  1. reduction of forest area
  2. in search of food, bats move near human settlements
  3. hunger-induced stress & low immunity
42
Q

What common disinfectant can inactivate NiV?

A

sodium hypochlorite

43
Q

How to prevent and control Nipah?

A
  1. Mass culling
  2. Antibody surveillance of high risk farms
  3. Ban on transporting pigs
  4. Improvement of biosecurity practice
  5. PPE
  6. Improve hygiene at pig operations

etcccc

44
Q

One of the most important biosecurity measures of Nipah for affected areas is to _________.

A

decrease bat reservoir contact with pig facilities

45
Q

NiV has been identified as a ___ ___ ____ by WHO:

A

high priority pathogen

46
Q

Is NiV capable of human-human transmission?

A

YES

47
Q

Moratlity rate in humans?

A

HIGH

48
Q

Where NiV spillover frequently occur?

A

highly populated regions

49
Q

Is there vaccine for Nipah?

A

NONE

VPH 122 (15 decks)

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