9. NIPAH Flashcards
Negative-strand
RNA
Henipavirus
from
family?
genus?
f. Paramyxoviridae
genus Henipavirus
Species? (2)
- Hendra henipavirus
- Nipah henipavirus
In what BSL facility is a Nipah virus?
BSL 4
It first appeared in (2) countries
- Malaysia
- Singapore
Give the country:
- pigs to humans & bats because of trees
Malaysia
Give the country:
- date palm sap where the bats drank from
Bangladesh
Give the country:
- human ate dead horse
Philippines
Nipah reservoir host
Pteropus bat
Naturally, dissemination of NiV occurs in the host via
blood
The NiV uses
a) _______
b) to attach to ____
or to a lesser extent, ephron-B3 receptors.
a) glycoprotein G
b) ephrin B2
where Ephrin-B2 receptors are expressed (3)
followed by (3)
- endothelium
- smooth muscle
- brain
followed by:
4. lungs
5. placenta
6. prostate
As a result of the high expression of NiV receptors in ______, NiV has the highest neurologic disease potential which is often lethal
central nervous system
NiV are carried by ___ ___ (also known as megabats)
It belongs to the family Pteropodidae family (Pteropus genus).
fruit bats
What kind of fruit bats?
flying fox
Infected bats shed NiV virus in their (4), but are symptomless carriers.
[ suse ]
- saliva
- urine
- semen
- excreta
Humans can be infected through direct exposure to Pteropus (2)
- saliva
- excrement
______ was identified as the predominant mode of transmission in the 1998-1999 Malaysia Singapore outbreaks, where 90 of the infected people were PIG FARMERS.
Direct contact with NiV infected pigs
Do DOGS & CATS play a significant role in the zoonotic transmission of Nipah?
NO
Nipah Virus infection has
also been found among
______
hospital workers
Is there a nosocomial transmission in Nipah?
YES
in Siliguri, India
The NiV can survive up to
___ days in some fruit juices or mangoes and at least 7 days in date sap kept at 22 C
3
The virus resists for
approximately __ __ hours in the urine of reservoir bats
18 hours
Can Nipah be inactivated by heat?
YES
100C for longer than 15 mins
Countries where Nipah occured?
- Malaysia
- Singapore
- India
- Bangladesh
- Philippines
Incubation period of NiV?
4 - 14 days
Is there asymptomatic infections?
YES
- Asymptomatic infection
- to acute respiratory infection
- to mild, severe, and fatal
encephalitis
NiV primarily affects the ___ via:
- endothelial
- vascular
- parenchymal cell
CNS
NiV has high rates of viral replication in ____ cells.
neuronal cells
Where does Nipah affect pigs?
- respiratory system
- nervous system
Known as Known as porcine respiratory and neurologic syndrome (2)
1) PRES - Porcine Respiratory & Encephalitic Syndrome
2) BPS - Barking Pig Syndrome
Morbidity of Nipah is high in what age group?
ALL age group
Mortality in suckling pigs (less than 4 weeks of age)
40%
- dyspnea
- muscle tremors
respiratory signs on pigs with Nipah
encephalitis (sows & boars)
Is there asymptomatic symptoms?
Yes, for some
Is there natural infection of Nipah in DOGS?
Yes, distemper-like syndrome (with high mortality death rate)
Can cats be infected with Nipah?
Yes, symptomatic
Nipah virus infection can be diagnosed with clinical history during the 1) acute and 2) _______ phase of the disease.
convalescent
Diagnosis of Nipah
RT-PCR
from bodily fluids and antibody detection via enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
Specimens used during acute phase of infection used for PCR testing of Nipah
- CSF
- blood
- nasal/throat
- urine
(3) reasons for emergence of Nipah
- reduction of forest area
- in search of food, bats move near human settlements
- hunger-induced stress & low immunity
What common disinfectant can inactivate NiV?
sodium hypochlorite
How to prevent and control Nipah?
- Mass culling
- Antibody surveillance of high risk farms
- Ban on transporting pigs
- Improvement of biosecurity practice
- PPE
- Improve hygiene at pig operations
etcccc
One of the most important biosecurity measures of Nipah for affected areas is to _________.
decrease bat reservoir contact with pig facilities
NiV has been identified as a ___ ___ ____ by WHO:
high priority pathogen
Is NiV capable of human-human transmission?
YES
Moratlity rate in humans?
HIGH
Where NiV spillover frequently occur?
highly populated regions
Is there vaccine for Nipah?
NONE
