1. Overview of Zoonoses Flashcards
Originally, zoonoses were regarded as _____ _____
animal diseases
who wrote Handbuch der Speciellen Pathologie und Therapie (“Handbook of Special Pathology and Therapeutics”) on 1855
Rudolf Virchow
what chapter of the book was mentioned?
“Infectionen durch contagiöse Thiergifte” (“Infections Caused by Animal Contagious Poisons”) with the subtitle “Zoonosen” (“Zoonoses”)
Based on mode of transmission (4):
[DCMS]
1) Direct Zoonoses
2) Cyclozoonoses
3) Metazoonoses
4) Saprozoonoses
Based on aetiology (5):
[VB PFP]
1) Virus
2) Bacteria
3) Parasites
4) Fungi
5) Prions
Based on direction of the transmission (3):
[ZAA]
1) Zooantroponoses
2) Antropozoonoses
3) Amphixenoses
Transmitted :
from –> “infected vertebrate”
to –> “susceptible vertebrate”
by –> direct or indirect contact (mechanical vectors)
Examples:
1. Rabies
2. Anthrax
3. Tuberculosis
4. Avian
5. Nipah
6. Orf
Direct zoonoses / Orthozoonoses
Examples:
1. Rabies
2. Anthrax
3. Tuberculosis
4. Avian
5. Nipah
6. Orf
Require atleast “two” different vertebrate hosts to complete the transmission cycle of an infectious agent.
Cyclozoonoses
Cyclozoonoses where humans are “obligatory host” for completion of life cycle
Obligatory cyclozoonoses (Euzoonoses)
Cyclozoonoses where humans are “accidentally involved” in completion of life cycle
ex. Cystic echinococcosis
Non-Obligatory cyclozoonoses
Require both vertebrates and invertebrates for the completion of their infectious cycle
Examples:
1. Paragonomiasis
2. Plague,
3. Yellow fever
Metazoonoses / Pherozoonoses
Examples:
1. Paragonomiasis
2. Plague,
3. Yellow fever
Require BOTH
1) vertebrate host and an
2) inanimate developmental site or reservoir.
The developmental reservoir is considered non-animal, such as organic matter, including:
- food
- soil
- plants
Examples:
1. Cutaneous larva migrans (Ancylostomiasis)
2. Fascioliasis
Saprozoonoses
Examples:
1. Cutaneous larva migrans (Ancylostomiasis)
2. Fascioliasis
Hosts are LOWER vertebrate animals
Anthropozoonoses
Hosts are HUMAN beings
Zooanthroponoses
Hosts are BOTH lower vertebrate animals and humans.
Amphixenoses
the infectious agents’ cycle is restricted to DOMESTIC animals
Synanthropic
usually accompanied by a sylvatic (feral and wild) cycle in natural foci outside human habitats
Exoanthropic
____% of existing human infectious diseases are zoonotic
60%
At least ___% of emerging infectious diseases of humans have an animal origin
70%
__% of agents with potential bioterrorist use are zoonotic pathogens
80%
- Zoonotic diseases are _______ and their occurrence is affected by interactions between the host, the agent and the environment
multifactorial
those that newly appear in a population or have existed previously but are now rapidly increasing in incidence or geographical range
give examples
Emerging Zoonotic Diseases
1) HIV and AIDS
2) highly pathogenic avian influenza (bird flu)
3) bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease)
Often triggered by events such as climate changes, flooding and other climate events, and famines.
Their overall health burden is much less than that of endemic zoonoses but because they cause ‘shocks’ to food production and other systems, they can reduce the resilience of the affected communities.
Give examples
Epidemic zoonoses
1) Anthrax
2) Rabies
3) Rift Valley fever
4) Leishmaniasis
Continually present to a greater or lesser degree in certain
populations, but are often marginalized by health systems at national and international levels.
Neglected Zoonotic Diseases
1) Brucellosis
2) Cysticercosis (pig tapeworm)
3) Echinococcosis (hydatid disease)
4) Japanese encephalitis
5) Leishmaniasis
6) Leptospirosis
7) Q fever
8) Rabies
9) Foodborne trematodiases
10) Trypanosomiasis
11) Cattle tuberculosis
Zoonoses management requires an integrated and intersectoral approach.
At the global level, three organizations have mandates that cover zoonotic disease:
1) the World Health Organisation (WHO)
2) the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH)
3) the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
this organization:
Each country has their own OIE Delegate and focal person
OIE delegates –> makes the “List of Notifiable Diseases of Zoonotic Importance”
WOAH
World Animal Health Information System
“Guidelines on the Philippine Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (PIDSR) Framework”
DOH-AO No. 2007-0036
“Creating the Philippine Inter-Agency Committee on Zoonoses.”
AO No. 10 of 2011
“Guidelines to Operationalize the Philippine. Inter-agency Committee on Zoonoses. (PHILCZ)”
DOH-DA-DENR AO 2020-02
“Guidelines on the Philippine Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (PIDSR) Framework”
DOH-AO No. 2007-0036
“Creating the Philippine Inter-Agency Committee on Zoonoses.”
It establishes composition, duties and responsibilities of the above mentioned Committe,
entitled to: ensure that the animal and human health sectors’ plans, programs and activities are consistent with the National Strategic Work Plan
AO No. 10 of 2011
“Guidelines to Operationalize the Philippine. Inter-agency Committee on Zoonoses. (PHILCZ)”
Order is hereby issued to provide the guidelines for the effective operation of the Philippine Inter-Agency Committee on Zoonoses (PhiICZ) as the functional and sustainable “One Health” mechanism
–> to strengthen the coordination between the animal-human health and environment sectors to prevent and control zoonotic diseases at the national and local levels.
DOH-DA-DENR AO 2020-02
(5) FIVE new human diseases appear every year and ____ are of ANIMAL origin
(3) THREE
Zoonoses are also “opportunistic” and tend to affect hosts that are already stressed by :
1)
2)
3)
1) environmental
2) social, or
3) economic conditions
Emergence of zoonotic diseases is often associated with
1) _______ ______ or
2) _______ ______
1) environmental changes or
2) ecological disturbances
Emergence of zoonotic diseases is often associated with
1) _______ ______ or
2) _______ ______
1) environmental changes or
2) ecological disturbances
Emerging zoonotic disease are caused by (2)
1) apparently new agents
2) previously known microorganisms appearing in places/species
THREE (3) types of change that allow virulent pathogens to initiate a new move from animal-host to human-host
[ehp]
change in
1) environment
2) host
3) pathogen itself
Top 3 primary drivers of PAST disease emergence
TOP
1 –> Land use changes (31%)
2 –> Agricultural industry changes (15%)
3 –> International travel and commerce (13%)
The majority of emerging zoonotic disease (71.8%) originate in _____
wildlife (China )
(4) Global distribution of relative risk of EID events
[ ZZDV ]
1) Zoonotic pathogens from wildlife
2) Zoonotic pathogens from domestic animals
3) Drug resistance pathogens
4) Vector-borne pathogens
Neglected zoonotic diseases are commonly associated with _____
poverty
It impacts the lives and livelihoods of millions of poor livestock keepers or those living in periurban slums primarily in developing countries.
Neglected zoonotic diseases
Other drivers of neglected zoonotic diseases
1) Massive under report
2) Significant human morbidity and mortality
3) Impose a dual burden on humans and animals
4) Ancient disease, often eliminated in wealthy countries
5) Control at source when feasible is highly cost effective
6) Pose no potential for global spread
7) Affect poor and marginalized communities
(3) Impact of zoonotic diseases
- Animal health
- Human health
- Economic impact
Emergence of zoonotic diseases is often associated with
1) _______ ______ or
2) _______ ______
1) environmental changes or
2) ecological disturbances
The 2004 outbreak in East Asia resulted in economic losses of US$ 20 billion over the following (5) years.
The 2015 outbreak in the US has cost the poultry industry US$ 3.3 billion and led to the death of 48 million birds either from the flu itself or from culling.
Avian Influenza (#1 in impacts of zoonoses)
US$ 15 billion of economic losses from 1986-2009 in the UK
Bovine tuberculosis
The 2014-2015 Ebola outbreaks in
1) Guinea
2) Liberia, &
3) Sierra Leone
..led to 11,310 deaths and 28,616 confirmed cases
Ebola
Since September 2012, (27) countries have reported confirmed cases, with about 624 deaths
MERS
US$ 671 million of economic losses, one million pigs culled, and 100 people died from the 1998 outbreak in Malaysia
Nipah virus
The impact of the 2002 outbreak was estimated at US$ 41.5 billion, with 8,000 confirmed infections and 800 deaths.
SARS
Considered (very important) zoonoses in wildlife interface
1) human health impact
2) livestock impact
3) amenability to agricultural interventions
4) severity of disease
5) emergence
1) Leptospirosis
2) Chikungunya
3) Ebola
4) Hanta disease
Considered (important) zoonoses in wildlife interface
1) Gastrointestinal (zoonotic)
2) Rabies
3) Leishmaniasis
4) Toxoplasmosis
5) Q fever
6) Trypanosomosis
7) Chagas
8) Avian influenza
9) Psittacosis
10) Rift Valley fever
In just the last decade, US$_______ have been directly spent in responding to emerging zoonoses and in implementing initiatives for better progressive control of zoonoses
~US$20 billion
US$_______ in indirect costs to affected economies.
~US$200 billion
Integrated and intersectoral approach of zoonoses management.
At global level, (3-4) organizations have madates that cover zoonotic diseases which are
1.
2.
3.
4.
1) WHO
2) WOAH
3) FAO
4) UN
Reporting flowchart of reports for human illness/deaths (HUMAN health sector)
- DOH secretary
- Convening pf PhilCZ (continued in Annex 4)
Reporting flowchart of reports for ANIMAL health sector
Ex.
a) Field reports of sick or dead animals/meat inspection findings (from locally registered meat establishments) of notifiable zoonotic disease
b) Notifiable zoonotic disease during meat inspection in NMIS-licensed meat establishments
- DA-OSEC
- Convening pf PhilCZ (continued in Annex 4)
Central office - BAI
Emergence of zoonotic diseases is often associated with
1) _______ ______ or
2) _______ ______
1) environmental changes or
2) ecological disturbances
Emergence of zoonotic diseases is often associated with
1) _______ ______ or
2) _______ ______
1) environmental changes or
2) ecological disturbances
Reporting flowchart of reports for WILDLIFE health sector
- DENR
- Convening pf PhilCZ (continued in Annex 4)
(BAI & BMB are closely coordinated)
Zoonotic disease situation of national importance (3)
- DENR secretary
- DA secretary
- DOH secretary
(3) Joint response
[ R (AMC) ]
- Risk Assessment
- Risk Management
- Risk Communication
Emergence of zoonotic diseases is often associated with
1) _______ ______ or
2) _______ ______
1) environmental changes or
2) ecological disturbances
Emergence of zoonotic diseases is often associated with
1) _______ ______ or
2) _______ ______
1) environmental changes or
2) ecological disturbances
Emergence of zoonotic diseases is often associated with
1) _______ ______ or
2) _______ ______
1) environmental changes or
2) ecological disturbances
Emergence of zoonotic diseases is often associated with
1) _______ ______ or
2) _______ ______
1) environmental changes or
2) ecological disturbances
Emergence of zoonotic diseases is often associated with
1) _______ ______ or
2) _______ ______
1) environmental changes or
2) ecological disturbances
Emergence of zoonotic diseases is often associated with
1) _______ ______ or
2) _______ ______
1) environmental changes or
2) ecological disturbances
Emergence of zoonotic diseases is often associated with
1) _______ ______ or
2) _______ ______
1) environmental changes or
2) ecological disturbances
Emergence of zoonotic diseases is often associated with
1) _______ ______ or
2) _______ ______
1) environmental changes or
2) ecological disturbances
Emergence of zoonotic diseases is often associated with
1) _______ ______ or
2) _______ ______
1) environmental changes or
2) ecological disturbances
Emergence of zoonotic diseases is often associated with
1) _______ ______ or
2) _______ ______
1) environmental changes or
2) ecological disturbances
Emergence of zoonotic diseases is often associated with
1) _______ ______ or
2) _______ ______
1) environmental changes or
2) ecological disturbances
Emergence of zoonotic diseases is often associated with
1) _______ ______ or
2) _______ ______
1) environmental changes or
2) ecological disturbances
Emergence of zoonotic diseases is often associated with
1) _______ ______ or
2) _______ ______
1) environmental changes or
2) ecological disturbances
Emergence of zoonotic diseases is often associated with
1) _______ ______ or
2) _______ ______
1) environmental changes or
2) ecological disturbances
Emergence of zoonotic diseases is often associated with
1) _______ ______ or
2) _______ ______
1) environmental changes or
2) ecological disturbances
Emergence of zoonotic diseases is often associated with
1) _______ ______ or
2) _______ ______
1) environmental changes or
2) ecological disturbances
