Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

[6] NUR102 | MICROPARA > (9) MICROBIAL MECHANISMS OF PATHOGENICITY > Flashcards

(9) MICROBIAL MECHANISMS OF PATHOGENICITY Flashcards

1
Q

Includes mucous membranes, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract, conjunctiva, skin, and parental routes

A

Portals of Entry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Mechanisms of pathogens that include capsules, cell wall components, enzymes, siderophores, antigenic variation, and cytoskeleton

A

Penetration or Envasion of Host Defenses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Mechanisms of pathogens that include direct damage, toxins, exotoxins, endotoxins, and lysogenic conversion

A

Damage to host cells/cytopathic effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Are generally the same as the portals of entry for a given microbe

A

Portals of Exit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Factors that affect the capability of pathogens to cause disease

A

Virulence Factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

VIRULENCE FACTORS
● (1) ________
● (2) ________
● (3) ________
● (4) ________

A

(1) Infect the host
(2) Protect itself from the body’s defense
(3) Invade and multiply in tissues
(4) Cause damage to or destruction of tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Most pathogens enter through the ________ of the GI and respiratory tract

A

mucous membrances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Microorganisms can gain access in the GIT in food & water via ________

A

contaminated fingers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The portal of entry for pathogens that are contracted sexually

A

Gut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Preffered Portal of Entry
(1) Salmonella typhi - ________
(2) Streptococci - ________
(3) Yersinia pestis - _________

A

(1) Swallowed
(2) Inhaled
(3) More than one portal of entry [can cause plague]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

INFECTIOUS DOSE - BACILLUS ANTRHACIS
• (1) _______ anthrax – 10-50 endospores
• (2) _______ anthrax – 10,000-20,000 endospores
• (3) _______ anthrax – 250,000- 1,000,000 endospores

A

(1) Cutaneous
(2) Inhalation
(3) Gastrointestinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Mechanisms of Adhesion by Pathogens
(1) _________
(2) _________
(3) _________

A

(1) Fimbriae
(2) Capsules
(3) Spikes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

• Attaches to teeth by means of its glycocalyx which is primarily made up of DEXTRAN

A

Streptococcus mutans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

• Have fimbriae that adhere to the glycocalyx of S. mutans

A

Actinomyces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

• Have adhesions on fimbriae that adhere only to specific kinds of cells in the small intestine

A

Shigella and E. coli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

• Uses tapered end as a hook to attach to host cells

A

Treponema pallidum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

• Produces an adhesion for a specific receptor on a host cell

A

Listeria monocytogenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

• Has a fimbriae with adhesions

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

• Has a mechanism of adherence that resembles viral attachment

A

Staphylococcus aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

They are surface molecules on a pathogen that bind specifically to complimentary surface receptors on cells of certain host tissues

A

Adhesins or Ligands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q
  • Process of altering surface antigens thus evading immune response
  • e.g. Neisseria gonorrhooeae, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, and Influenza virus
A

Antigentic Variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q
  • Surface proteins that rearrange nearby actin filaments of the cytoskeleton
  • Salmonella and Escherichia coli
A

Invasins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q
  • A glycoprotein that bridges the junctions between cells
  • Used by certain microbes to move from cell to cell
  • e.g. Shigella spp., and Listeria spp.
A

Cadherin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q
  • Proteins that exhibit a high affinity to iron
  • e.g. Enterobactin (E. coli), Bacillibactin (B. subtilis, B. anthracis), and Vibriobactin (V. cholerae)
A

Siderophores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q
  • Poisonous substances that are produced by certain microorganisms
A

Toxins

26
Q
  • Capacity of microorganisms to produce toxins
A

Toxigenicity

27
Q
  • Refers to the presence of toxin in the blood
A

Toxemia

28
Q

TYPE OF TOXIN
- Are produced inside mostly gram-positive bacteria as part of their growth and metabolism
- Are then secreted or released following lysis into the surrounding medium

A

Exotoxins

29
Q

TYPE OF TOXIN
- Are part of the outer portion of the cell well of gram-negative bacteria
- They are liberated when the bacteria die and the cell wall breaks apart

A

Endotoxins

30
Q

EXOTOXINS
1. Produced mostly by ______ bacterium
2. Chiefly made up of ______
3. Part of _________
4. Released following _____ of bacterial cell
5. Carried by ______
6. _____ in fluids
7. Most _____ substances known
8. ________

A

(1) gram positive
(2) protein
(3) growth and metabolism
(4) lysis
(5) bacterial plasmids
(6) Soluble
(7) lethal
(8) Disease specific

31
Q
  • Antibodies produced by the body that provide immunity to exotoxins
A

Antitoxins

32
Q
  • Inactivated toxin used in a vaccine
A

Toxoids

33
Q

Can be prevented by toxoid vaccination

A

Diptheria and Tetanus

34
Q

• Also called as type III toxins
• First toxins to be studied
• Consist of two parts designated A and B, both of which are poplypeptides
• A common example is the Diphtheria toxin

A

A-B Toxins

35
Q

PART OF A-B TOXINS
• (1) ______ is the active (enzyme) component
• (2) ______ is the binding component

A

(1) A part
(2) B part

36
Q
  • Also called Type II toxins
  • Include Leukocidins and Hemolysin
A

Membrane - Disrupting Toxins

37
Q
  • Membrane-disrupting toxins that kill phagocytic leukocytes
  • e.g. staphylococci, streptococci, and pneumococci
A

Leukocidins

38
Q
  • Membrane-disrupting toxins that destroy erythrocytes
  • Subtypes: SLO (streptolysin O and SLS)
  • e.g. Streptococci
A

Hemolysin

39
Q

• Also called type I toxins
• Bacterial proteins
• Stimulate the proliferation of immune cells called T cells with release of enormous amounts of cytokines
• Include the staphylococcal toxins that cause food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome

A

Superantigens

40
Q

Superantigens stimulate the proliferation of immune cells called ______ with release of enormous amounts of cytokines

A

T cells

41
Q

Superantigens include the ________ that cause food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome

A

staphylococcal toxins

42
Q

ENDOTOXINS
1. Chiefly made up of ______

  1. Released when bacteria ____, and cell walls ____
  2. Stimulates _______ to release cytokines in very high concentrations
  3. Produce the same _______ (chills, fever, weakness, generalized aches and in some cases, shock and death)
  4. Can induce ______
  5. Severe consequences include: _____
  6. Microbes that produce such: _______
A

(1) LPS (lipopolysaccharides)
(2) dies; lyse
(3) macrophage
(4) signs and symptoms
(5) miscarriage
(6) Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) & Shock
(7) S. typhi, Proteus, N. meningitidis

43
Q

PATHOGENESIS OF SHOCK
1. Phagocytosis of ______
2. Secretion of ______
3. Binding to ______
4. Alteration of ______
5. Damage of ______
6. Increase in ______
7. _______
8. Decrease in ____
9. ______

A

(1) gram (-) bacteria
(2) TNF 9 tumor necrosis factor / Cachectin
(3) body tissues
(4) metabolism
(5) capillaries
(6) permeability
(7) Fluid loss
(8) BP
(9) Shock

44
Q

PYROGENIC RESPONSE CAUSED BY ENDOTOXINS
1. Gram-negative bacteria are ingested by ______ and degraded in ______

  1. The LPS of the bacterial cell wall are released. These endotoxins cause macrophages to produce a cytokine called _______
  2. IL-1 is carried via the blood to the ______
  3. IL-1 induces the hypothalamus to release lipids called ______
  4. The result is a ______
A

(1) phagocytes; vacuoles
(2) interleukin-1 (IL-1)
(3) hypothalamus
(4) prostaglandins
(5) fever

45
Q

• Small, circular, DNA molecules capable of independent replication
• Resistance (R) factors

A

Plasmids

46
Q

• Incorporation of VIRAL DNA into the bacterial chromosome
• The newly integrated genetic material is now called a PROPHAGE

A

Lysogeny

47
Q

• A bacterial cell containing a prophage

A

Lysogenic

48
Q

• Exhibition of new properties coded by the prophage in the bacterial cell, both the host cell and its progeny

A

Lysogenic Conversion

49
Q

• Depend on gaining access to host
• Evading host’s defense
• Damage or death of the host cell while reproducing themselves

A

Viruses

50
Q

CYTOPATHIC EFFECTS OF VIRUSES
1. Stops ______

  1. Release of ______ of host cell
  2. Formation of _____
  3. Fusion of ______ (syncytium or giant cells)
  4. Changes in ______ w/o any visible changes
  5. Some virus-infected cells produce substances called _______
  6. Induction of ______ in the surface of the infected cells
  7. Induction of _______ in the host cell
  8. Loss of ________
A

(1) mitosis
(2) enzymes
(3) inclusion bodies
(4) adjacent infected cells
(5) host cell’s function
(6) interferons
(7) antigenic changes
(8) chromosomal changes
(9) contact inhibition

51
Q
  • Doesn’t have a well-defined set of virulence factors
  • Produces capsules
A

Fungi

52
Q
  • Inhibit CHON synthesis
  • Causes headaches, chills, severe nausea, vomiting and visual disturbances
  • Produced by FUSARIUM (grains and rice)
A

Trichothecenes (Toxin)

53
Q

• An alkaloid
• Produced by Claviceps purpurea
• Found in sclerotia
• Causes hallucinations and limb gangrene

A

Toxin Ergot

54
Q

• Produced by Aspergillus flavus
• Found in nuts which is carcinogenic

A

Aflatoxin

55
Q

• Examples: phalloidin and amanitin
• Produced by Amanita phalloides (death angel)
• Amanita mushrooms may result in death

A

Mycotoxins

56
Q

• Invade host cells and reproduce within them, causing their rupture

A

Plasmodium

57
Q

• Attaches to macrophages and gains entry by phagocytosis

A

Toxoplasma

58
Q

• Attach to host cells and digest the cells and tissue fluids

A

Giardia lamblia

59
Q

• Produces neurotoxins
• e.g. Saxitoxin

A

Algae

60
Q
  • Produced by some genera of dinoflagellates such as Alexandrium
  • Causes Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning
A

Saxitoxin

61
Q

• Use host tissues for growth and metabolism
• Waste products can lead to disease symptoms

A

Helminths

[6] NUR102 | MICROPARA (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions