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[6] NUR102 | MICROPARA > (7) HOST RESISTANCE AND INFECTION > Flashcards

(7) HOST RESISTANCE AND INFECTION Flashcards

1
Q

Includes the first and second line of defense

A

Non-specific Host Resistance

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2
Q
  • Includes immunology and the two major arms of the immune system
  • Hypersensitivity and hypersensitivity reactions
A

Specific Host Resistance (Third Line of Defense)

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3
Q

Includes the skin and mucous membranes, cellular and chemical factors, and microbial antagonism

A

First Line of Defense

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4
Q

Includes transferrin, fever, interferons, complement system, acute-phase proteins, cytokines, inflammation, and phagocytosis

A

Second Line of Defense

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5
Q

Includes humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity

A

Third Line of Defense

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6
Q
  • General and serve to protect the body against many harmful substances
  • Includes the innate or inborn resistance observed among species of animals and some persons who have a natural resistance to certain diseases
A

Non-specific Host Defense

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7
Q
  • Physical/mechanical barriers
  • Includes intact and unbroken skin
  • Sticky mucus entrap invaders
A

First Line of Defense

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8
Q

Chemical factor on the skin that are part of the first line of defense

A

Sebum

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9
Q

Chemical factors found in saliva, tears, mucus, and colostrum that are part of the first line of defense

A

Secretory IgA, Lysozyme, and Lactoperoxidase

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10
Q

Low pH is a chemical factor that is part of the first line of defense
1. Skin - ______
2. Gastric Acid - _______
3. Vagina - ______

A

(1) pH 5.5
(2) pH 1-3
(3) pH 4.4

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11
Q

Chemical factors in epithelial cells that are part of the first line of defense

A

Beta Defensins

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12
Q

Chemical factor in gastric mucosal defenses that are part of the first line of defense

A

Pepsin

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13
Q

FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE
Factors accounting for skin’s ability to resist pathogens:
* (1) _____ of most areas of the skin
* (2) _________
* (3) _________
* (4) _________
* sloughing of (5) ______

A

(1) dryness
(2) acidity and temperature
(3) sebum
(4) perspiration
(5) dead skin cells

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14
Q

FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE
Factors accounting for mucous membranes’ ability to resist pathogens:
* (1) _____ production
* (2) _______
* (3) _______ - production superoxide radicals
* rapid (4) ______
* (5) _____ coverings

A

(1) lysozyme
(2) lactoferrin
(3) lactoperoxidase
(4) cell division
(5) mucociliary

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15
Q

FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE
Protection of the digestive system:
* (1) _______
* (2) ______ of the stomach
* (3) ______ of the intestines
* (4) _______
* (5) _______

A

(1) digestive enzymes
(2) acidity
(3) alkalinity
(4) bile
(5) peristalsis & defecation

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16
Q

FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE
Protection of the GUT:
* (1) ______
* expulsion of (2) ______
* acidity of the (3) ______

A

(1) urination
(2) mucus secretions
(3) vagina

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17
Q

FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE
_______ fight the invasion of new microorganisms in a particular anatomical site.

A

Resident microbes (First Line of Defense)

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18
Q

The inhibitory capability of the indigenous microflora has been attributed to the following factors:
* competition for colonization sites
* competition for nutrients
* production of substances that kill other bacteria - bacteriocins

A

Microbial Antagonism (First Line of Defense)

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19
Q

A factor of microbial antagonism that is the production of substances that kill other bacteria

A

Bacteriocins (First Line of Defense)

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20
Q
  • A glycoprotein with a high affinity to iron
  • FUNCTION: Store and deliver iron to host cells
A

Transferrin (Second Line of Defense)

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21
Q
  • Body temperature greater than 37.8 ̊C
A

Fever (Second Line of Defense)

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22
Q

SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
Fever augments the host’s defense by:
* stimulating (1) _____
* reducing available (2) _____
* inducing the production of (3) _____

A

(1) leukocytes
(2) free plasma iron
(3) IL-1

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23
Q

SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
The following scenario illustrates one way in which fever develops during an infectious disease:
1. A patient has ______ caused by gram (-) bacteria.

  1. The bacteria releases ______ into the patient’s bloodstream.
  2. ______ ingest the endotoxin.
  3. The ingested endotoxin stimulates the phagocytes to produce ______.
  4. IL-1 stimulates the hypothalamus to produce ______.
  5. Once metabolized, the prostaglandins cause the hypothalamic thermostat to be set at a ______.
  6. The increased thermostatic reading sends out signals to the nerves surrounding the peripheral blood vessels, causing _______.
  7. The increased body heat continues until the temperature of the blood supplying the hypothalamus matches the _______.
A

(1) septicemia
(2) endotoxin
(3) Phagocytes
(4) IL-1
(5) prostaglandins
(6) higher level
(7) vasoconstriction
(8) elevated thermostat reading

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24
Q

SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
Detrimental effects of fever:
* increased (1) _____
* increased (2) _____
* increased (3) _____
* mild to severe (4) _____

A

(1) HR
(2) metabolic rate
(3) caloric demand
(4) dehydration

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25
Q
  • Small, antiviral proteins produced by virus-infected cells
  • Not virus-specific; but species-specific
A

Interferons (Second Line of Defense)

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26
Q

SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
* Three types of interferons:
1. ____ (B-cells, monocytes, macrophages)
2. ____ (fibroblasts, other virus-infected cells)
3. ____ (T-cells and NK cells)

A

(1) Alpha
(2) Beta
(3) Gamma

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27
Q

A group of approximately 30 different proteins found in normal blood plasma

A

Complement (Second Line of Defense)

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28
Q

The proteins interact with each other in a stepwise manner known as the “complement cascade.”

A

Complement System (Second Line of Defense)

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29
Q

SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
*The major consequences of complement activation are the following:
1. Initiation and amplification of ______
2. Attraction of ______ to sites where they are needed
3. Activation of ______
4. _____ of bacteria and other foreign cells
5. Increased ______ by phagocytic cells

A

(1) inflammation
(2) phagocytes
(3) leukocytes
(4) Lysis
(5) phagocytosis

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30
Q
  • Enhances resistance to infection and promoting repair of damaged tissue
  • Includes the following:
    C-Reactive Proteins, Serum Amyloid A Proteins, Protease Inhibitors, Coagulation Proteins
A

Acute-Phase Proteins (Second Line of Defense)

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31
Q
  • Chemical mediators
  • Enable cells to communicate w/ each other
  • Chemical messengers
A

Cytokines (Second Line of Defense)

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32
Q

SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
* Some cytokines are _______, recruiting phagocytes to location, and direct role in host defense

A

chemoattractants

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33
Q
  • Normal response to any local injury, irritation, microbial invasion, or bacterial toxin
A

Inflammation (Second Line of Defense)

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34
Q

SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
* The three major events in acute inflammation:
1. An increase in the _______, which increases blood flow to the site.

  1. Increased _______, allowing the escape of plasma and plasma proteins.
  2. Egress (exit) of _______ from the capillaries and their accumulation at the site of injury.
A

(1) diameter of capillaries (vasodilation)
(2) permeability of the capillaries
(3) leukocytes

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35
Q

SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
* Primary purposes of the inflammatory response:
1. Localize an ______
2. Prevent the spread of ______
3. Neutralize any _____ being produced at the site
4. Aid in the repair of ______

A

(1) infection
(2) microbial invaders
(3) toxins
(4) damaged tissue

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36
Q

Accumulation of fluid, cells, and cellular debris during inflammation

A

Inflammatory Exudate (Second Line of Defense)

37
Q

Thick and greenish yellow seen during inflammation

A

Purulent Exudate or Pus (Second Line of Defense)

38
Q

Examples of pyogenic microorganisms during inflammation

A

Staphylococci and Streptococci (Second Line of Defense)

39
Q

The process by which phagocytes surround and engulf foreign material

A

Phagocytosis (Second Line of Defense)

40
Q

SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE:
* The two most important groups of phagocytes: 1. _______
2. _______

A

(1) Macrophages
(2) Neutrophils

41
Q

SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
FOUR (4) STEPS OF PHAGOCYTOSIS
1. ______
2. ______
3. ______
4. ______

A

CHAID
(1) Chemotaxis
(2) Attachment
(3) Ingestion
(4) Digestion

42
Q
  • A directed migration due to the presence of “chemotactic agents”
  • Phagocytes move along a concentration gradient
A

Chemotaxis

43
Q
  • Phagocytes can only ingest objects to which they can attach
A

Attachment

44
Q
  • Is sometimes necessary to enable phagocytes to attach to certain particles
A

Opsonization

45
Q
  • A membrane-bound vesicle within the cytoplasm of the phagocyte where the object is ingested and contained
A

Phagosome

46
Q
  • The product when a phagosome fuses with a nearby lysosome to form a digestive vacuole during digestion
A

Phagolysosome

47
Q
  • Found in neutrophils which functions to reduce oxygen to very destructive products, aiding in the destruction of phagocytized microbes
A

NADPH oxidase

48
Q

Produces hypochlorous acid which aids in the destruction of phagocytized microbes

A

Myeloperoxidase

49
Q

GENERAL PROPERTIES OF SPECIFIC IMMUNE RESPONSE (THIRD)
1. _______
2. _______
3. _______
4. _______

A

(1) RECOGNITION
(2) SPECIFICITY
(3) HETEROGENEITY
(4) MEMORY

50
Q
  • Foreign organic substances
  • Antibody-generating substances
  • Antigenic determinants (epitopes)
  • Haptens
A

Antigens (Third Line of Defense)

51
Q

THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE
* Antigens can be divided into 2 groups:
1. _______
2. _______

A

(1) Foreign antigens
(2) Self-antigens

52
Q
  • Play an important role in the specific immune response as “antigen-presenting cells”
A

Macrophages (Third Line of Defense)

53
Q
  • Non-granulocytic WBC’s involved in immune response
  • Includes B and T cells
A

Lymphocytes (Third Line of Defense)

54
Q

THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE
* Differentiation and maturation sites differ between B and T cells
1. B-Cells mature in the ______
2. T-Cells mature in the ______

A

(1) Bone Marrow - Stromal Cells
(2) Thymus

55
Q

THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE
* Two events must occur for an effective specific immune response:
1. _________
2. _________

A

(1) Antigen Recognition
(2) Lymphocyte Proliferation

56
Q

THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE
* The two major arms of the immune system:
1. _________
2. _________

A

(1) Cell-Mediated Immunity
(2) Antibody-Mediated Immunity

57
Q

Components:
* T-Cells
* Natural Killer Cells
* Cytokines (Lymphokines)

A

Cell-Mediated Immunity (Third Line of Defense)

58
Q
  • Coordinator of immune regulation
  • Activates other WBC
A

Helper T-Cells (Th)

59
Q
  • Helper T-Cells (Th) releases Cytokines to render the ff. functions:
    1. Stimulate ______ to grow and divide
    2. ______
    3. Enhancing ability of ______ to engulf and destroy microbes
A

(1) cytotoxic cells
(2) Chemotaxis
(3) macrophages

60
Q
  • Directly kills certain tumor cells, viral-infected cells
  • Binds to foreign cells and then release Perforins and Granzymes
A

Cytotoxic T-Cells (Tc)

61
Q
  • Releases chemicals that suppress the activity of T-cells and B-cells
  • Responsible for stopping the immune response
  • Help prevent unnecessary immune system activity
A

Regulatory T-Cells (Ts)

62
Q
  • Remain after immune suppression
  • Act as Helper T-Cells on secondary exposure of antigen
A

Memory T-Cells (Tm)

63
Q
  • Associated with certain allergic reactions
  • Associated with rejection of transplanted tissues
  • Produces a variety of chemical substances that
    recruit defense cells (macrophage)
  • Important in the body’s defense against cancer
A

Delayed Hypersensitivity T-Cells (Td)

64
Q

CONNECTS HELPER T-CELLS TO MACROPHAGES VIA MHC MOLECULES

A

CD4 (T4) Cells

65
Q

CONNECTS CYTOTOXIC T-CELLS TO CELLS DISPLAYING MHC MOLECULES

A

CD8 (T8) Cells

66
Q
  • A subpopulation of lymphocytes called granular lymphocytes
  • Capable of destroying other cells, especially virus infected cells and tumor cells
  • Do not proliferate in response to antigen and appear not to be involved in antigen-specific recognition
  • Not phagocytic but must contact target cell to lyse
A

Natural Killer Cells

67
Q
  • Type of Cytokine
  • Pyrogenic (induces fever)
A

Interleukin 1 (IL1)

68
Q
  • Type of Cytokine
  • Stimulates T-Cells and B-Cells to proliferate
  • Activates Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells)
A

Interleukin 2 (IL2)

69
Q
  • Type of Cytokine
  • Helps make tissue cells resistant to viral infection
  • Activates NK Cells and Macrophages
  • Enhances maturation of Cytotoxic T-Cells
A

Gamma Interferon (Y-IFN)

70
Q
  • Type of Cytokine
  • Functions as a WBC growth factor
  • Stimulates stem cells to produce granulocytes and monocytes
A

Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF)

71
Q
  • Type of Cytokine
  • Activates T-Cells and Macrophages
  • Cell killing
A

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)

72
Q
  • a.k.a (Humoral Response)
  • B-Cells play the major role
  • Involves the production of antibodies (Ab) or (Igs)
A

Antibody-Mediated Immune Response (Third Line of Defense)

73
Q
  • Soluble proteins produced by activated B-Cells or Plasma Cell offsprings in response to an antigen
  • Molecular weight of 150,000 daltons
  • Acts on extracellular antigens
A

Antibodies (Ab) / Immunoglobulins (Igs)

74
Q
  • Antibodies / Immunoglobulins are Y-shaped molecule consisting of 4-polypeptide chains:
    1. _________
    2. _________
A

(1) 2 identical heavy chains
(2) 2 identical light chains

75
Q
  • Antibody
  • Found on B-Cell membrane; antigen receptor
A

IgD

76
Q
  • Antibody
  • Binds to membranes of basophils and mast cells; allergies
A

IgE

77
Q
  • Antibody
  • 1st Ab produced in response to antigen
  • Most efficient complement binding Ig
  • Bactericidal to gram (-) bacteria
A

IgM

78
Q
  • Antibody
  • Internal body secretions
A

IgA

79
Q
  • Antibody
  • Lightest among all classes
  • Can cross the placenta
  • Enables complement fixation
  • Long-term immunity
  • Memory antibodies
  • Neutralizes toxins,
A

IgG

80
Q

THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE
* Effects of Antibodies:
1. Inactivates the _____
2. ____ antigens together
3. Activates the _____
4. Initiates the release of _____
5. Facilitates _____

A

(1) antigen
(2) Bind
(3) complement cascade
(4) inflammatory chemicals
(5) phagocytosis

81
Q

THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE
Antibody production depends on the ff. conditions:
1. Nature of the ______
2. Site of ______
3. The _____ of antigen
4. The number of times the person is ______

A

(1) antigen
(2) antigenic stimulus
(3) amount
(4) exposed to the antigen

82
Q

Immunity acquired through the normal life experiences of a human and is not induced through medical means.

A

Natural Immunity

83
Q

Immunity that is produced purposefully through
medical procedures (also called immunization).

A

Artificial Immunity

84
Q

Immunity that is the consequence of a person developing his own immune response to a microbe

A

Active Immunity

85
Q

Immunity that is the consequence of one person receiving preformed immunity made by another person

A

Passive Immunity

86
Q
  • Immunity that resulted from infection
  • May be long term, may be temporary for some
A

Naturally Acquired Active Immunity

87
Q
  • Immunity resulting from vaccination
  • Attenuated vaccines
  • Inactivated vaccines
  • Toxoid vaccines
  • Examples: MMR, DTaP, Hib, Polio
A

Artificially Acquired Active Immunity

88
Q
  • Mother to fetus
  • Transplacental transfer
  • Colostrum
  • Few weeks or months duration
A

Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity

89
Q
  • Humoral antibodies acquired by injection
  • Lasts for few weeks
  • Antivenom
  • Antitoxin
  • Examples: HBIg, TIg, RIg
A

Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity

[6] NUR102 | MICROPARA (9 decks)

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