Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

[6] NUR102 | MICROPARA > (3) THE CELL AND ITS STRUCTURE > Flashcards

(3) THE CELL AND ITS STRUCTURE Flashcards

1
Q

Father of Microscopy, coined the term cells

A

Robert Hooke (1665)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Book by Robert Hooke w/ description of images using a compound microscope (molds, rust, fleas, lice, fossilized plants and animals, and sections of cork)

A

Micrographia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Reminded Robert Hooke of the bare rooms of the monastery

A

Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Concluded that all plants and animals were composed of cells

A

Mathia Schleiden and Theodore Schwann (1838-1839)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

States that all plants and animals are composed of cells

A

The Cell Theory (Mathias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Proposed the theory of biogenesis

A

Rudolf Virchow (1858)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

States that life can only arise from pre-existing life

A

Theory of Biogenesis (Rudolf Virchow)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Means “All Cells come from Cells” or “Every Cell is born of a previous Cell”

A

Omnis Cellula E Cellula (Theory of Biogenesis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
  • Fundamental living unit
  • Exhibits basic characteristics of life
  • Can mutate or change genetically
A

Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cells obtains nutrients from the ______ to produce energy for metabolism

A

Environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q
  • Refers to all the chemical reactions that occur within a cell
  • Enables ability to grow and reproduce
  • Responds to stimuli in environment
A

Metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Result of accidental changes to a cells genetic material or DNA

A

Mutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Known as the study of cells

A

Cytology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
  • Cells with no true nucleus
  • First inhabitans of the earth
  • Includes bacteria and archeans
A

Prokaryotic Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Means “pre-nucleus”

A

Prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
  • Cells with true nucleus
  • Make up plants and animals
  • Includes fungi, protozoa, and algae
A

Eukaryotic Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q
  • Complex type of unicellular oganisms due to variations
  • Means “true nucleus”
  • Precursors of multi-cellular animals including humans
A

Eucaryotes (eu- true; k/caryo-nucleus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Average size of Eucaryotes

A

10-100Mm in diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Eukaryotes that have simple cell walls made of cellulose

A

Plant Cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Eukaryotes that don’t have cells walls nor cellulose and have smaller vacuoles

A

Animal Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Sub-type of animal cells that can engulf other structures

A

Phagocytic Cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q
  • Outermost boundary of most eukaryotic cells
  • Supported by either cell wall or cell membrane
A

Glycocalyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Functions of the Glycocalyx
(1) ______
(2) ______
(3) ______

A

(1) Protection from dehydration
(2) Adherence
(3) Reception of chemical signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The glycocalyx is usually composed of a gelatinous subtstance of ________

A

Polysaccharide, polypeptide, or both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The glycocalyx appears as a (1) ______, (2) ______ , or a (3) ______

A

(1) network of fibers
(2) slime layer (loosely attached)
(3) capsule (strongly attached)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The layer beneath the glycocalyx for fungi and most algae is a ______

A

Thick and rigid cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The layer beneath the glycocalyx for protozoa and animal cells have _______

A

no cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Referred to as the cell membrane, plasma membrane, or the cell sac

A

Cytoplasmic Membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q
  • Beneath cell wall
  • Composed of a bilayer phospholipids w/ embedded protein molecules
A

Cytoplasmic Membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Contained in the cytoplasmic membrane that gives stability and important in cells without a cell walls

A

Sterols

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Characterisitic of the cytoplasmic membrane that allows for transport of selected solutes

A

Selectively permeable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

For ______ the cytoplasmic membrane is the site for the electron transport chain and ATP production (especially for prokaryotic cells w/o mitochondria)

A

aerobic organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The cytoplasmic membrane contains
(1) ______
(2) ______
(3) ______

A

(1) enzymes for biosyntheis of DNA
(2) cell wall components
(3) protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q
  • Command / control center for eukaryotes
  • Distinguishing charasteric between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
  • Controls the entire cell
A

Nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

The three components of the nuclues are:
(1) ________ - gelatinous matrix / base material and contains the chromosomes [embedded or suspended]

(2) ________ - largest nuclear organelle, primary site for ribosome subunit biogenesis

(3) ________ - skin around the nucleus w/ nucleur pores where large molecules can enter and exit

A

(1) Nucleoplasm
(2) Nucleolus
(3) Nuclear Membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q
  • Consists of linear DNA molecules and proteins (histones and nonhistones)
  • Genes located along DNA molecules
A

Chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Referred to as the “beads on a string”

A

Genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q
  • Consists of rRNA and CHON (protein)
  • Primarily for protein syntheis
A

Ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Each eukaryotic ribosome (80S) ribosome consists of:
(1) ______
(2) ______
that are transported to the cytoplasm

A

(1) Large subunit (60S subunit)
(2) Small subunit (40S subunit)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

The large and small subunits are joined together by the _______ to initiatie protein synthesis

A

mRNA molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

CHON released from the endoplasmic reticulum are mostly ______

A

immature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

The CHON must mature in the _________ before they can do their functions within and outside the cell

A

Golgi Apparatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q
  • External structures
  • Provides rigidity, shape, and protection for the cell
A

Cell Wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Cell walls may contain the following:
(1) ________ as in plant cells
(2) ________ as in fungi with thick inner layer of polysaccharide fibers
(3) ________ as in algae

A

(1) cellulose, pectin, and lignin
(2) chitin/cellulose and thin outer layer of mixed glycans
(3) mineral salts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Cellulose can also be found in ______

A

algae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Chitin can also be found in the exoskeletons of _______

A

beetles and crabs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Varied in chemical composition which can contain cellulose, pectin, mannans, and mineral salts (silicon dioxide and calcium carbonate)

A

Algae

48
Q
  • Energy-producing organelle
  • Membrane-bound and contains numerous photosynthetic pigments (site of photosynthesis)
A

Plastids

49
Q

Sample of plastid that contains chlorophyll which is a green photosynthetic pigment

A

Chloroplast

50
Q

Process by which light energy is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates and oxygen

A

Phosynthesis

51
Q

Collectively called the locomotor organs used by cells to move themselves or their food

A

Flagella and Cilia

52
Q

Long, thin, and whip-like structure that serves as organelles of locomotion (whipping motion to “swim”)

A

Flagella (eukaryotes)

53
Q

Term for protozoa that have flagella

A

Flagellates

54
Q

Hair-like structures that are shorter, thinner, and abundant than flagella that also serves for locomotion (coordinated and rhythmic movement)

A

Cilia

55
Q

Term for protozoa that have cilia

A

Ciliates

56
Q

A prokaryote can be distinguished from the other type of cell (a eukaryote) because of certain characteristics it possesses:
(1) The way its _____ is packaged
(2) The makeup of its ______
(3) Its _____

A

(1) DNA
(2) cell wall
(3) internal structures

57
Q
  • Considered as cell extensions and accessory structures on the surface of bacteria
  • Common but not present in all species
  • Can provide motility (flagella, axial filaments)
  • Can be used for attachment and mating (fimbriae, pili)
A

Appendages (prokaryotes)

58
Q
  • Threadlike, protein appendages
  • Long filamentous appendages
  • Propels bacteria
  • Functions for chemotaxis and motility/self-propulsion
A

Flagella (prokaryotes)

59
Q

Ability of flagella in prokaryotes to detect and move in response to chemical signals

A

Chemotaxis

60
Q

Movement of chemotaxis that goes to a favorable chemical stimulus (nutrients)

A

Positive chemotaxis

61
Q

Movement of chemotaxis that moves away from a stimulus that is potentially harmful

A

Negative chemotaxis

62
Q

Parts of the flagella (prokaryotes):
(1) _______ - long outermost region containing flagellin that are intertwined chains that form a helix

(2) _______ - enables 360 degree rotation

(3) _______ - stack of rings which anchors the flagellum to the cell wall and plasma membrane

A

(1) Filament
(2) Hook
(3) Basal Body

63
Q

Flagella Arrangement - Polar Arrangement (prokaryotes):
(1) ________ - single flagellum
(2) ________ - flagella at both poles of the cells
(3) ________ - small brances/tufts of flagella emerging from same site

A

(1) Monotrichous
(2) Amphitrichous
(3) Lophotrichous

64
Q

Flagella Arrangement - _________ Arrangement (prokaryotes): the flagella is dispersed randomly throughout the cell

A

Peritrichous

65
Q
  • A.K.A. periplasmic flagella or endoflagella
  • Found in spirochetes
  • Bundles of fibrils (enclosed between cell wall and cell membrane)
  • Rotaion causes cell to move
  • Corkscrew movement
A

Axial Filaments (prokaryotes)

66
Q

Corkscrew shaped organisms that move in a wriggly motion due to axial filaments

A

Spirochetes (prokaryotes)

67
Q
  • Hair-like appendages seen in gram (-) bacteria
  • Offer adhesion rather than locomotion
  • Small and bristle-like fibers
  • Most contain protein found either in the poles of bacterial cells or evenly distributed throughout the surface
  • Tend to stick to each other and to surfaces
A

Fimbriae (prokaryotes)

68
Q

Fimbriae are mostly responsible for the _______ in inanimate objects (rock or glass) because of their mutual clinging

A

Microbial colonization

69
Q
  • Elongated, rigid, and tubular structure
  • Made of protein called pilin
  • Longer than fimbriae
  • 1 to 2 found in cell
  • Used in conjugation - sex pilus (mating process between compatibale cells)
  • Observed in gram (-) bacteria
A

Pili (prokaryotes)

70
Q
  • Sugar coat of prokaryotes in cell wall (viscous, slimy, and gelatinous polymer produced by cell membrane)
  • Composed repeating polysaccharide units, polypeptide, or both
  • Protects the cell and helps adhere to environment
A

Glycocalyx (prokaryotes)

71
Q

The glycocalyx differs in bacteria in terms of thickness, organization, and chemical composition:
(1) _______ - unorganized and loose, protects some bacteria from loss of water and nutrients and is easily detached

(2) _______ - neatly organized, bound more tightly and is denser and thicker; protection from phagocytosis

A

(1) slime layer
(2) capsule

72
Q

Degree of pathogenicity

A

Bacterial Virulence

73
Q
  • Contained in the glycocalyx that allows cells to attach on various surfaces for their survival
  • Highly adherent; allows for persistent colonization
A

Extracellular Polysaccharide (EPS)

74
Q
  • Found in majority of bacteria
  • Lies outside of the cytoplasm
A

Cell Envelope

75
Q

The cell envelope is composed of two or three basic layers:
(1) _______
(2) _______
(3) _______
they are tightly bounded and act as a single protective unit

A

(1) cell wall
(2) cell membrane
(3) outer membrane (some bacteria)

76
Q

The difference between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria lie in the ______

A

cell envelope

77
Q
  • Open-faced sandwhich
  • 2 layers
  • Thick cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane and peptidoglycan
A

Gram-Positive Cell Envelope

78
Q
  • Complete sandwhich
  • 3 layers
  • Outer membrane, thin cell wall, and cytoplasmic membrane
A

Gram-Negative Cell Envelope

79
Q
  • Complex and semi-rigid maintains shape
  • Made of peptidoglycan (murein), NAM, NAG
  • Prevents osmotic lysis (rupture or bursting)
  • Anchorage for flagella
  • Contributes to pathogenicity
  • Site of action in antibiotics
A

Cell Wall

80
Q
  • Thick layer of peptidoglycan (60-100% murein)
  • Contain lipoteichoic and teichoic acids (contributes to acidic charge and antigentic specificity - identification of bacteria)
A

Gram-Positive Cell Wall

81
Q
  • Thin layer of peptidoglycan (10-20% murein)
  • More susceptible to mechanical breakage
  • Periplasmic space surround peptidoglycan
  • Site for large and varied pool of substances that enter and leave the cell
A

Gram-Negative Cell Wall

82
Q
  • Aren’t characterized as either gram-positive or gram-negative
  • Some don’t have a cell wall at all
  • Mycobacterium and Nocardia (unique types of lipids; still contains peptidoglycan that can stain and appear as gram-positive)
A

Nontypical Cell Walls

83
Q
  • Similar to cell membrane, except it contains specialized polysaccharides and proteins
  • Uppermost layer: lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
  • Inner most layer: phospholipid layer anchored by lipoproteins to the peptidoglycan layer below
A

Gram-Negative Outer Membrane

84
Q
  • Uppermost layer of gram-negative outer membrane
  • Polysaccharide portion that act as antigens and receptors
  • Useful in distinguishing certain gram-negative bacteria
A

O polysaccharides

85
Q
  • Uppermost layer of gram-negative bacteria
  • Endotoxin
  • Causes fever and shock reactions such as meningitis and typhoid fever
  • The negative charge produced is vital
A

Lipid A

86
Q
  • Also known as the cytoplasmic / inner membrane
  • Thin structure in cell wall
  • Very thin (5-10nm)
  • Contain primarily 60-70% proteins (DNA replication and segregation) and 30-40% phospholipids (two parallel rows)
A

Plasma (Cell) Membrane

87
Q

Functions of Plasma (Cell) Membrance:
(1) Provides a site for functions such as _________

(2) Regulates _______ (semi-permiability; most important function)

(3) Secretion of _______ into extracellular environment

A

(1) energy reaction, nutrient processing, and synthesis
(2) transport
(3) metabolic product

88
Q
  • Site for metabolic activities, enzymes of respiration, and ATP Synthesis
  • This is due to the lack of mitochondira of prokaryotes
  • Enzyme structures synthesize structural macromolecules
A

Plasma Membrane (prokaryotes)

89
Q

Excreted by the plasma membrance in the extracellular environment (outside of cell)

A

Enzymes and Toxins

90
Q
  • Extra barrier in gram-negative bacteria
  • Makes them impervious (impermeable) to some antimicrobial chemicals (alcohol-based compounds - dissolve lipids in outer membrane)
  • Makes it more difficult to kill or inhibit gram-negative bacteria
A

Outer Membrane

91
Q

(1) ______ can interact with human tissues and cause disease:
- Corynebacterium diptheriae (+)
- Streptococcus pyogenes (+)
- Mycobacterium species (-)

Proteins attached to outer portion of cell well has (2) _______

A

(1) Cell envelope
(2) toxic properties

92
Q

The _____ present within the cell walls of mycobacterium species are harmful to humans because they are foreign to the human body

A

Lipids

93
Q
  • Semi-liquid and gelatinous substance (70-80% water - solvent for cell pool)
  • Internal matrix (inside plasma membrane)
  • Contains CHON enzymes, CHO, lipids, inorganic ions, ribosomes, and inclusions
A

Cytoplasm (prokaryotes)

94
Q

Serves as the building block for cell synthesis or sources of energy located in the cytoplasm

A

Cell Pool

95
Q

Major Structures of Cytoplasm:
(1) ______ - DNA
(2) ______ - sites for protein synthesis
(3) ______ - reserve deposits
(4) ______ - acts as cytoskeleton

A

(1) Nuclear Area
(2) Ribosomes
(3) Inclusion
(4) Actin Strands

96
Q
  • Contains a single long circular molecule of double stranded DNA called: Bacterial Chromosomes (attached to plasma membrane)
  • There could also be plasmids (small, circular, and double-stranded DNA molecules)
  • No histones and nuclear envelope
A

Nuclear Area (Nucleiod)

97
Q

Transfer of plasmids from one bacterium to another

A

Conjugation

98
Q
  • CHON synthesis
  • Gives granular appearance of cytoplasm
  • in prokaryotes, they are smaller and less dense
  • Some antibiotics work to inhibit protein synthesis like: Erythromycin Cholramphenicol
A

70S Ribosomes (prokaryotes)

99
Q

Erythromycin Cholramphenicol attaches to the _______ and interfere with the bacterial protein synthesis of bacteria

A

50S subunit

100
Q
  • Reserve deposits
  • Storehouse of excess nutrients
A

Bacterial Inclusions

101
Q
  • Known collectively as volutin
  • Has reserve inorganic phosphate
  • Found in algae, fungi, protozoa, and bacteria
A

Metachromatic Granules (Bacterial Inclusions)

102
Q
  • Bacterial inclusions that have glycogen and starch
  • Enegry storage products
A

Polysaccharide Granules (Bacterial Inclusions)

103
Q
  • Lipid storage in bacteria
A

Lipid Inclusions (Bacterial Inclusions)

104
Q
  • Long polymers of actin
  • Arranged in helical ribbons around the cell just under the cell membrane
  • Contribute to cell shape
A

Actin Skeleton

105
Q
  • Usually found in gram-positive bacteria
  • Specialized resting cells
  • Capable of sporulation and germination
  • Highly durable and dessicated cells with thick walls & additional layers
A

Endospores (prokaryotes)

106
Q

Phase One - ________
- Metabolically active and growing entity
- Can be induced by the environment to undergo spore formation (sporulation/sporogenesis)
- Goes into an inert and resting condition (shows up prominently in a spore/gram stain)

A

Vegetative Cell

107
Q

Phase Two - Endospore (6-8 hours)
- Stimulus for sporulation - the depletion of (1) ________
- Vegetative cell undergoes a conversion to a (2) _______
- Sporangium then transforms into an (3) _______
- Hardiest of all life forms

A

(1) nutrients (carbon/nitrogen source)
(2) sporangium
(3) endospore

108
Q
  • Heat resistance of endospores are due to the high content of ______ and ______
  • Thick and impervious cortex and spore coat of protein
A

Calcium and Dipicolinic Acid

109
Q
  • Breaking of dormancy
  • In the presence of water and a specific agent (amino acid and inorganic salt)
  • Quite rapid (1 1/2 hours)
A

Germination

110
Q

Agent stimulates the formation of hydrolytic enzymes, digest the cortex, and expose the core to water under a process called ______

A

Rehydration

111
Q
  • Not a means of reproduction in bacteria
  • A vegitative cell produces a endospore which remains as one cell
A

Sporulation

112
Q
  • Endospores that inhabit soil and dust, germinate and grow to release ______
  • Resists ordinary cleaning methods
A

potent toxins

113
Q
  • Means of reproduction in bacteria
  • Produces two daughter cells from a parent cell
A

Binary Fission

114
Q

The the gram-negative outer membrance serves as a ______ where only relatively small molecules can penetrate

A

partial chemical sieve

115
Q

Form the special membrane channels that span the gram-negative outer membrance, altering in size to provide access or block certain molecules

A

Porin Proteins

116
Q

The gram-negative outer membrance blocks the entrance of certain antibiotice such as (1) _______, digestive enzymes such as (2) _______, (3) _______, (4) _______, (5) _______, and (6) _______

A

(1) penicillin
(2) lysozome
(3) detergents
(4) heavy metals
(5) bile salts
(6) certain dyes

[6] NUR102 | MICROPARA (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions