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[6] NUR102 | MICROPARA > (8) INFECTION AND BACTERIAL INVASION > Flashcards

(8) INFECTION AND BACTERIAL INVASION Flashcards

1
Q
  • Scientific study of disease
  • Concerned with the etiology and manner in which a disease develops
  • Deals with structural and functional changes
A

Pathology

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2
Q

Invasion of microorganisms in the body

A

Infection

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3
Q
  • Changes in the state of health due to infection
  • Abnormal state where the body is not properly adjusted
A

Disease

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4
Q

Means suffering

A

Pathon

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5
Q

Means study

A

Logos

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6
Q

KOCK’S POSTULATES
1. Suspected _______ must be absent from all healthy organisms but present in all diseased organisms

  1. Causative agent must be _______ from the diseased organism and grown in _______
  2. ________ must cause the same disease when inoculated into a ________ organism
  3. The same causative agent must be isolated from the ________
A

(1) causative agent
(2) isolated; pure culture (petri dish)
(3) Cultured agent; healthy but susceptible
(4) inoculated diseased organism

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7
Q

Cause and manner of causation of a disease or condition

A

Etiology

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8
Q

Proves and identify the microorganism that causes the disease

A

Koch’s Postulates

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9
Q

EXCEPTIONS TO KOCH’S POSTULATES
1. _______ intracellular pathogens and fastidious microbes (certain pathogens that will not grow in artificial culture)

  1. _______ microorganisms (some pathogens affect humans, and some affect animals)
  2. _______ infections (not caused by only one pathogen)
  3. _______ of some microbes after culturing in vitro
  4. Diseases not caused by _______
A

(1) Obligate [only survive and multiply within a living host]
(2) Species-specific
(3) Synergistic
(4) Less pathogenicity [humihina]
(5) microorganisms [some may be caused by nutrient deficiency, congenital, and/or malfunction]

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10
Q
  • Subjective changes in body function
  • Felt by the patient
A

Symptoms

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11
Q

TWO TYPES OF SYMPTOMS
1. ________ - the patient is experiencing symptoms
2. ________ - the patient is unaware of the disease

A

(1) Clinical/Symptomatic
(2) Subclinical/Asymptomatic

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12
Q
  • Objective changes the physician can measure and observe
A

Signs

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13
Q
  • Specific signs or symptoms accompanying a disease
A

Syndrome

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14
Q
  • Number of new cases of a disease in a defined population during a specific time period
A

Incidence

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15
Q
  • Numer of people in a population who developed the disease at a specific time, regardless of when it first appeared
A

Prevalence

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16
Q

PREVALENCE
⚬ Period Prevalence – no. of cases of the disease existing in a population during a (1) __________

⚬ Point Prevalence - no. of cases of the disease existing in a population at a (2) _________

A

(1) specific time period
(2) particular moment in time

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17
Q

BASED ON BEHAVIOR WITHIN A HOST
- Spreads from one host to another directly or indirectly
- E.G. Malaria, TB, AIDS, Cholera

A

Communicable

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18
Q

BASED ON BEHAVIOR WITHIN A HOST
- Does not spread from one host to another directly or indirectly (nutrient deficiency, allergy, abnormal proliferation of cells)
- E.G Rickets (Vit. D), Kwashiorkor (Protein)

A

Non-communicable

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19
Q

BASED ON BEHAVIOR WITHIN A HOST
- Type of communicable disease
- Rapidly/Easily spreads from one host to another

A

Contagious

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20
Q

BASED ON BEHAVIOR WITHIN A HOST
- Disease that causes death within a short period of time
- E.G. Meningococemia

A

Fulminant

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21
Q

BASED ON SOURCE OF MICROORGANISM
1. ______ - outside the body
2. ______ - inside the body (E. coli in stomach)
3. ______ - hospital-acquired

A

(1) Exogenous
(2) Endogenous
(3) Nosocomial [type of exogenous]

22
Q

BASED ON FREQUENCY OF OCCURENCE
1. _____ - occasional occurences and closely monitored (e.g. rabies)

  1. _____ - constant and low level of population is affected (e.g. Palawan-Malaria; Leyte-Schistosomiasis
  2. _____ - relatively short but great number of affected population (e.g. flu season)
  3. _____ - at least three regions in the world are affected or world-wide occurence (e.g. COVID-19)
A

(1) Sporadic
(2) Endemic
(3) Epidemic
(4) Pandemic

23
Q

BASED ON SEVERITY OR DURATION
1. ______ - develops rapidly but lasts for a short time (days- weeks)

  1. ______ - develops more slowly, less severe, recurrent, and difficult to treat (months-years)
  2. ______ - intermediate (e.g. subacute endocarditis)
  3. ______ - inactive for a long time then becomes active (e.g. shingles from inactivated chicken pox)
A

(1) Acute
(2) Chronic
(3) Subacute
(4) Latent

24
Q

Indirect protection from an infectious disease due to immunity from vaccination or developed immunity

A

Herd Immunity

25
Q

Immune individuals are not considred _____, thus disease transmission is reduced

A

carriers

26
Q

BASED ON EXTENT OF HOST INVOLVEMENT
1. ______ - limited to one body area (e.g. boils or abcess)

  1. ______ - generalized and spread throughout the body (e.g. measles and TB)
  2. ______ - local infections that have entered the blood and lymph vessels and have spread to other parts of the body (from teeth, tonsils, or sinuses)
A

(1) Localized Infection
(2) Systemic Infection
(3) Focal Infection

27
Q

TYPES OF FOCAL INFECTION
1. ______ - presence of bacteria in the blood
2. ______ - bacteria multiplies in the blood
3. ______ - presence of toxins in the blood
4. ______ - presence of viruses in the blood

A

(1) Bacteremia
(2) Septicemia
(3) Toxemia (e.g. Tetanus)
(4) Viremia

28
Q

CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO HOST RESISTANCE
1. ______ - acute infection that causes the initial illness

  1. ______ - originates from opportunistic pathogens from immunocompromised patients
  2. ______ - subclinical; does not necessarily develop signs and symptoms
A

(1) Primary Infection
(2) Secondary Infection
(3) Inapparent Infection

29
Q

Disease-causing microorganism

A

Pathogen

30
Q

Source of the pathogen

A

Reservoir

31
Q

Way for the pathogen to escape their reservoir

A

Portal of exit

32
Q

The way of the pathogen to travel

A

Mode of transmission

33
Q

The way of the pathogen to gain entry into a host

A

Portal of entry

34
Q

Person who is immunocompromised

A

Susceptible host

35
Q
  • The time interval between the initial infection and the first appearance of any signs or symptoms
  • Ranges from microorganisms’ mechanisms of infection, number of pathogen, or resistance of host
A

Incubation Period

36
Q

A relatively short period characterized by symptoms of the disease which are generally non-specific (e.g. fever, general aches, or malaise)

A

Prodromal Period

37
Q
  • Period of maximal invasion
  • Manifestation of symptoms are distinctive/specific to the disease (most acute)
  • Several outcomes: recovery, fulminant infection, acute to chronic, and carrier state
A

Period of Illness

38
Q
  • Signs and symptoms start to subside
  • Person becomes more susceptible to secondary infection (e.g. Pneumonia after having URTI)
A

Period of Decline (Period of Defervescence)

39
Q
  • Person regains the strength and returns to pre-disease state
  • Recovery occurs
A

Period of Convalescence (Period of Recovery)

40
Q
  • Where pathogens normally reside or multiply
  • For a disease to perpetuate itself, there must be a continual source of the disease organism
A

Reservoir

41
Q
  • Principal reservoir is the human body
  • May be directly or indirectly transmitted from one inidividual to another (e.g. STIs, respiratory infections)
  • Can be transmitted no matter if symptomatic or asymptomatic
A

Human Reservoir

42
Q
  • Persons who got well but are still carrying the disease
  • Important living reservoirs of infection
A

Carrier

43
Q

TYPES OF CARRIERS
1. ________ - (+) infection but no symptoms
2. ________ - (+) pathogen but never got sick; inherited
3. ________ - able to transmit disease even during incubation period
4. ________ - able to transmit while recovering
5. ________ - completely recovered but continue to harbor disease
6. ________ - pathogens harbored for months or longer after initial infection

A

(1) Healthy Carrier
(2) Passive Carrier
(3) Incubatory Carrier
(4) Convalescent Carrier
(5) Active Carrier
(6) Chronic Carrier

44
Q
  • May be caused by wild and domestic animals
  • Zoonotic infections (zoonoses) may be transmitted through:
    > Direct Contact
    > Contamination
    > Consuming infected animal products
    > Air (fur/feathers)
A

Animal Reservoir

45
Q
  • Includes insects and arachnids
  • Vectors: involved in transmission of disease
A

Arthropod Reservoir

46
Q
  • Includes soil and water
    > Soil: harbors pathogens (e.g. clostridium tetani - tetanus; clostridium botulinum - botulism)> Water: contaminated by the feces of humans and animals which causes GIT disease (e.g. vibrio cholerae - cholera; salmonella typhi - typhoid fever)
A

Nonliving Reservoir

47
Q
  • Person-to-person transmission
  • Touching, kissing, sexual intercourse
  • No medium or intermediate object
  • e.g. Common cold, influenza, Kissing disease
A

Direct Transmission

48
Q
  • Coughing and sneezing
  • Close proximity for droplets to be transmitted (>1m from reservoir)
  • e.g. Viral respiratory tract disease, Staphylococcal infections, Measles
A

Droplet Transmission

49
Q
  • No direct human-to-human contact
  • Transmitted through non-living objects
  • e.g. Airborne, Vehicle, and/or Vector transmission
A

Indirect Contact Transmission

50
Q
  • Through dusts or aerosols
  • Less than 2.5 microns in size (can travel for 1 meter)
  • e.g. Measles, TB, and histoplasmosis
A

Airborne Transmission

51
Q
  • Transmission of disease by a medium
  • e.g. Foodborne transmission, Waterborne transmission, and Fomites (non-living things)
A

Vehicle Transmission

52
Q
  • Mechanical transmission and Biological transmission
A

Vector Transmission

[6] NUR102 | MICROPARA (9 decks)

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