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[6] NUR102 | MICROPARA > (5) ORGANISMS OF THE MICROBIAL WORLD > Flashcards

(5) ORGANISMS OF THE MICROBIAL WORLD Flashcards

1
Q

Cell shape; “berries” (e.g. S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, N. gonorrhoeae)

A

Cocci

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2
Q

Cell shape; Rod shaped (e.g. E. coli, P. vulgaris)

A

Bacilli

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3
Q

Cell shape; Have one or more twist (e.g. Vibrio cholera, Treponema pallidum)

A

Spiral

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4
Q

Cell shape; changes shape or size in response to environmental conditions

A

Pleomorphic

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5
Q

Arrangement of Cocci; One plane of division and composed of two cells

A

Diplo

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6
Q

Arrangement of Cocci; one plane of division, has many cells or “stacks”

A

Strepto

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7
Q

Arrangement of Cocci; Two plans of division

A

Tetrad

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8
Q

Arrangement of Cocci; three planes of division

A

Sarcinae

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9
Q

Arrangement of Bacilli; one plane of division

A

Strepto

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10
Q

Arrangement of Bacilli; thick, short type of bacilli which are almost the same with diplo

A

Coccobacillus

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11
Q

Arrangement of Spiral; one twist

A

Vibrio

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12
Q

Arrangement of Spiral; many twists

A

Spirillum

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13
Q

Used for synthesis of carbohydrates, lipids, and energy source

A

Carbon

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14
Q

Organisms that require carbon as energy source (e.g. glucose)

A

Heterotrophs

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15
Q

Organisms that use inorganic carbon as energy course (e.g. carbon dioxide)

A

Autotrophs

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16
Q
  • Major component of proteins, nucleic acid, co-enzymes
  • Terminal electron acceptor in respiration by some bacteria (nitrates)
A

Nitrogen

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17
Q

Constituent of some amino acids in proteins and some coenzymes (methionine and cystine)

A

Sulfur

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18
Q
  • Constituent of water and most organic cell components
  • Electron acceptor in aerobic respiration
A

Oxygen

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19
Q
  • Constituent of water and organic cell components
  • Ions from bonds
  • Maintain pH of solutions
A

Hydrogen

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20
Q

Component of ATP, phospholipid and coenzymes

A

Phosphorus

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21
Q

Need 15-20 degree celsius for growth

A

Psychrophiles

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22
Q

Need 20-40 degree celsius for growth

A

Mesophiles

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23
Q

Need 45-80 degree celsius for growth

A

Thermophiles

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24
Q

Need 80-250 degree celsius for growth

A

Hyperthermophiles

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25
Q

Need pH < 5.4 for growth

A

Acidophile

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26
Q

Need pH of 5.4 - 8.5 for growth

A

Neutrophiles

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27
Q

Need pH of 8.5 - 11.5 for growth

A

Alkaliphiles

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28
Q
  • Chemical reactions
  • Way of obtaining energy
A

Metabolic

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29
Q

Organisms that absorbs light to obtain energy

A

Phototrophic

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30
Q

Organisms that make their own energy

A

Chemotrophic

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31
Q
  • Distinctive antigens
A

Antigenic

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32
Q

Organisms that have absolute oxygen requirement (e.g. M. tuberculosis, Pseudomonas spp.)

A

Obligate Aerobes

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33
Q

Organisms that can multiply in the presence/absence of oxygen (e.g. Enterics)

A

Faculative Anaerobes

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34
Q

Organisms unable to multiply in the presence of oxygen (e.g. Clostridium, Bordetella, Bacteroides)

A

Obligate Anaerobe

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35
Q

Organisms that prefer presence of 5-10% carbon dioxide with small amounts of oxygen (e.g. Neisseria spp.)

A

Capnophilic

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36
Q

Organisms that require small amounts of oxygen, 2-10% for aerobic respiration (e.g. Campylobacter spp., Spirochetes)

A

Microaerophilic

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37
Q

Can grow in the presence of oxygen but does not use it

A

Aerotolerant

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38
Q
  • Distinctive hereditary material
A

Genetic

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39
Q
  • Ability to cause disease
A

Pathogenicity

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40
Q
  • Distribution to nature, interaction between and among species
A

Ecological

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41
Q

Include algae, lichens, slime molds, and fungi

A

Eukaryotic Microbes

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42
Q

Include acellular infectious agents, domain bacteria, and domain archaea

A

Acellular and Prokaryotic Microbes

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43
Q

Include helminths, protozoa, and arthropods

A

Parasites

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44
Q
  • Photosynthetic, eukaryotic organisms
  • More plantlike than protozoa
  • Cells consist of pellicle, a stigma, and flagella
  • Pathogenicity is rare
A

Algae

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45
Q

Thickened cell membranes of algae

A

Pellicle

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46
Q

A light-sensing organelle of algae

A

Stigma

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47
Q

In the case of paralytic shellfish poisoning, some algae can secrete ________ that are poisonous

A

phycotoxins

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48
Q
  • Though to be combination of two organisms - an alga (cynobacterium) and a fungus
  • Recent evidence suggest that a yeast may also be present
  • Not associated with human disease
A

Lichens

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49
Q
  • Have both fungal and protozoal characteristics
  • Starts as ameba, but progresses into multicellular organism
  • Decomposer and nutrient recyclers
  • Not known to cause human disease
A

Slime Moulds

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50
Q
  • Divided into macroscopic and microscopic types
  • Non-photosynthetic (lack chlorophyll and vascular system)
  • Cell walls contain a polysaccharide called chitin
  • Sterols (ergosterol) are usually present in the cell membrane
A

Fungi

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51
Q

Type of fungi that includes mushrooms, puffballs, and gill fungi

A

Macroscopic fungi

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52
Q

Type of fungi that includes molds and yeasts

A

Microscopic fungi

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53
Q

The cell walls of fungi contain a polysaccharide called _____

A

Chitin

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54
Q

Are usually present in the cell membranes of fungi

A

Sterols (ergosterol)

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55
Q

Fungi; single cells that reproduce by budding

A

Yeasts

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56
Q

Fungi; hyphae and mycelia that reproduce by mitosis

A

Molds

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57
Q

Molds that have transverse walls

A

Septate hyphae

58
Q

Molds that are multinucleated

A

Nonsepate hyphae

59
Q

Fungi that inhabit organic matter

A

Saprophytic (Saprobes)

60
Q

Fungi that inhabit living animals or plants

A

Parasitic

61
Q

Fungi that get nutrients from organic compound

A

Heterotrophic (all fungi)

62
Q

Reproduction through spores (e.g. basidiospores and ascospores)

A

Sexual

63
Q

Reproduction through budding and binary fission

A

Asexual

64
Q

Are for reproduction and not thermoresistant unlike bacterial spores

A

Spore Forms

65
Q

Reproduction process of hyphae

A

Elongation and fragmentation

66
Q

• Decomposers
• For chemotherapy
• Biotechnology, bread and wine industry
• Protein supplements
• Production of cellulose, herbicides

A

Desirable Effects of Fungi

67
Q

• Spoilage of food and grains
• Plant pathogens
• Cause human diseases
• Hypersensitivity reactions
• Toxicosis (mycotoxicosis)
• Mycoses

A

Undesirable Effects of Fungi

68
Q

Two types of host response to fungi

A

Granulomatous or Pyogenic Response

69
Q

Fungi pathogenesis can be detected by using _________ for delayed hypersensitivity reaction

A

skin tests

70
Q

Reduced ____________ predisposes to disseminated disease from fungi

A

cell mediated immunity

71
Q

Causes liver necrosis due to amanitin and phylloidin

A

Amanita Mushrooms

72
Q

Ingestion of contaminated peanuts and grains causes liver cancer due to aflatoxin

A

Aspergillus flavus

73
Q

Inhalation of the spores causes allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (IgE-mediated)

A

Asperigillus fumigatus

74
Q

Laboratory diagnosis of fungi that involves dissolving of human cells, allowing visualization

A

Microscopy of KOH Preparation

75
Q

Laboratory diagnosis of fungi where low pH inhibits growth of bacteria

A

Sabouraud Agar

76
Q

Laboratory diagnosis of fungi for early infection

A

DNA Probes

77
Q
  • Obligate intracellular parasites of plants
  • Acellular
  • Naked RNA
  • No human disease knwon
A

Viroids

78
Q
  • Non-cellular infectious proteins
  • Naked proteins that have the same amino acid sequence as certain normal human cell surface proteins folded differently
  • Resistant to nucleases, proteases, many chemicals, and normal autoclaving
  • Associated with spongiform enceplaophaties (e.g. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, Kuru, and Fatal Familial Insomia)
A

Prions

79
Q

Caused by prions that have the appearance of vacuolated neurons with loss of function and lack of an immune response or inflammation

A

Spongiform Encephalopathies

80
Q

Transmission of Spongiform Encephalopathies
(1) _________ - cuts in skin, transplantation of contaminated tissues (e.g. cornea)

(2) Use of contaminated _________ such as brain electrodes

(3) __________ - ingestion of infected tissue

A

(1) Infected Tissue
(2) Medical Devices
(3) Cannibalism

81
Q

Susceptible Population for spongiform encephalopathies:
- Women and children of the (1) ________ in New Guinea
- (2) __________ and brain surgery patients
- (3) __________ surgeons and patients

A

(1) Fore Tribe
(2) Neurosurgeons
(3) Transplant

82
Q
  • Smallest infectious agents
  • Contain only either DNA or RNA as the genome
  • Inert in the extracellular environment
  • Replicate only in living cells
A

Virus

83
Q

Virus that can infect bacteria

A

Bacteriophage

84
Q

Surround the center of the virion

A

Capsid/Protein Coat

85
Q

Combination of the nucleic acid and capsid of viruses

A

Nucleocapsid

86
Q

Helps the virus attach to the host cell

A

Protein Spikes

87
Q

The complete viral particle

A

Virion

88
Q
  • Surrounds the nucleocapsid
  • Lipid membrane derived from the host cell
A

Membrane Envelope

89
Q

The membrane envelope, which is a lipid membrane derived from the host cell is acquired as the virus exits from the cell in a process called _______

A

budding

90
Q

All enveloped viruses acquire their envelope from plasma membrane except ________ (from nuclear membrane)

A

Herpes virus

91
Q

Enveloped viruses are (1) _____ and more easily (2) ______

A

(1) less stable
(2) inactivated

92
Q
  • Include helical and icosahedral shapes of viruses
A

Morphology

93
Q

A geometric shape with 20 triangular sides (most stable)

A

Icosahedral

94
Q

Morphologic units seen in electron microscope on the surface of icosahedral viral particles

A

Capsomeres

95
Q

Morphology of viruses such as influenza, measles, and rabies

A

Helical

96
Q

Types of viruses that has two types; positive stranded or negative stranded

A

RNA Viruses

97
Q
  • Viruses that have RNA just like an mRNA
  • When it enters host cell, its RNA can immediately be translated by the host ribosomes into protein
A

Positive Stranded RNA Viruses

98
Q
  • Viruses that cannot begin translation immediately
  • Must transcribe negative stranded to positive strand
  • Virion has its own RNA dependen polymerase that will carry out transcription of the negative strand into positive
A

Negative Strand RNA Viruses

99
Q
  • Cannot be translated directly into proteins and must be transcribed into mRNA with subsequent translation of mRNA into structural proteins
  • Most have both negative and positive strand
A

DNA Viruses

100
Q

Strand in DNA viruses that is read and used for transcription

A

Negative Strand

101
Q

Strand in DNA viruses that is ignored

A

Positive Strand

102
Q

Outcome of viral infections where visual or functional change is seen in infected cells

A

Cytopathic Effects

103
Q

Outcome in viral infections where oncogenic viruses induce transformation and unrestrained growth

A

Malignant Transformation

104
Q

Outcome of viral infections where infected cell appear normal but are producing large number of progeny viruses

A

Commensal Symbiosis

105
Q
  • “True” Bacteria
  • Prokaryotic organisms with peptidoglycan cell walls
A

Eubacteria

106
Q

Reproduction process for bacteria

A

Binary Fission

107
Q
  • Ancient bacteria
  • Previously referred to as archaebacterial and archeobacteria
  • Non pathogenic
A

Archaea

108
Q

Archaeans that fuel production from sewage

A

Methanogens

109
Q
  • Organisms that live on or in other living organisms (host)
  • Not all organisms studied under this study are microorganisms
A

Parasites (Parasitology)

110
Q
  • Parasite that is established in or on the exterior surface of a host (e.g. mites, ticks, and lice)
A

Ectoparasite

111
Q
  • Parasite that is established inside of a host (e.g. parasitic protozoa and helminths)
A

Endoparasite

112
Q
  • Parasite that is capable of existing independently of a host
A

Faculative Parasite

113
Q
  • Parasite that cannot survive outside of a host
A

Obligate Parasite

114
Q

Host other than the normal that is harboring a parasite

A

Accidental/Incidental Host

115
Q

Host that harbors the adult or sexual stage of the parasite or the sexual phase of the life cycle

A

Definitive Host

116
Q

Host harboring parasites that are parasitic for humans from which humans may become infected

A

Reservoir Host

117
Q

Host responsible for transferring a parasite from one place to another

A

Transport Host

118
Q

Parasite harboring host that is not exhibiting any symptoms but can infect others

A

Carrier

119
Q

A host from which the parasite cannot continue its life cycle

A

Dead-end Host

120
Q
  • “First animal”
  • Exhibits some characteristics typical of animal life
A

Protozoa

121
Q

Morphology of Protozoa:
• (1) ________
• (2) Change ________ as they move along surfaces
• No cell wall, has (3) _______ for protection
• Has (4) _______ – “False feet”
• (5) ________ – have metabolic processes closer to those of the human host than the prokaryotic bacterial pathogens

A

(1) Unicellular
(2) shape
(3) pellicle
(4) pseudopods
(5) Eukaryotes

122
Q

Reproduction of Protozoa

A

Asexual; Binary Fission

123
Q
  • Parasitic worms
  • Some are relatively large
  • Endoparasites
A

Helminths

124
Q

Helminths; Roundworms

A

Nematodes

125
Q

Helminths; Flatworms

A

Platyhelminthes

126
Q

Flatworms; Tapeworms

A

Class Cestoda (Cestodes)

127
Q

Flatworms; Flukes

A

Class Trematoda (Trematodes)

128
Q
  • Type of Helminths
  • Thin and often segmented
  • Includes cestodes (tapeworms), and trematodes (flukes)
A

Flatworms (Platyhelminthes)

129
Q
  • Type of helminths
  • Elongate
  • Cylindrical
  • Unsegmented
A

Roundworms (Nematodes)

130
Q

In most, adults derive nutrients and reproduce sexually in a _______

A

host’s body

131
Q

Reproduction for Helminths
• (1) ________ - separate sexes
• (2) ________ - separate sexes or hermaphroditic

A

(1) Nematodes
(2) Trematodes

132
Q

[TRUE OR FALSE]
Helminths must complete the life cycle by transmitting an infective form to the body of another host

A

TRUE

133
Q

Reproduction for helminths in an intermediate host (larval stage)

A

Asexual

134
Q

Reproduction for helminths in a definitive host (adult worm, for mating)

A

Sexual

135
Q
  • Invertebrae animal having an exoskeleton (external skeleton), a segmented body, and jointed appendages
  • Includes the insects, arachnids, and crustaceans
A

Arthropods

136
Q

Athropods means “jointed feet”
(1) _______ - “joint”
(2) _______ - “foot”

A

(1) arthron
(2) podos

137
Q

Includes lice, fleas, flies, mosquitoes, and kissing bugs (reduviid)

A

Insects

138
Q

Includes mites and ticks

A

Arachnids

139
Q

Pathogenicity of Arthropods
- Actual cause of disease:
(1) ______ - microscopic mites live in subcutaneous tunnels and cause pruritus

A

Scabies

140
Q

Pathogenicity of Arthropods
- Intermediate host in the life cycle of a parasite:
(1) ______ in the life cycle of the fish tape worm
(2) ______ in the life cycle of African trypanosomiasis
(3) ______ in the life cycle of filariasis

A

(1) Cyclops sp.
(2) Tsetse fly
(3) Mosquito

141
Q

Pathogenicity of Arthropods
- Definitive host in the life cycle of a parasite:
(1) ______ in malaria

A

Anopheles mosquito

142
Q

Pathogenicity of Arthropods
- Vector in the transmission of disease:
(1) _____ in transmission of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Lyme Disease

A

Tick

[6] NUR102 | MICROPARA (9 decks)

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