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[6] NUR102 | MICROPARA > (2) EVOLUTION OF MICROBIOLOGY > Flashcards

(2) EVOLUTION OF MICROBIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

During this time, as many as 11 different types of fossils of primitive microorganisms have been found in ancient rock formations in Western Australia

A

3.5 billion years ago

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2
Q

During this time, animals made their appearance on earth

A

900 and 650 million years ago

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3
Q

During this time, humans have existed

A

Past 100,000 years or so

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4
Q

First microorganisms on Earth

A

Cyanobacteria and Archaeans

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5
Q

During this time, a plague (an epidemic) broke out in Egypt

A

3180 BC

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6
Q

During this time, an outbreak of a smallpox-like disease originating from China spread worldwide

A

1122 BC

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7
Q

The exhumed mummified remains of _______ showed lesions resembling smallpox

A

Rameses V

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8
Q

States that life may arise from non-living matter

A

Theory of Spontaneous Generation

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9
Q

States that life must arise from pre-existing life

A

Theory of Biogenesis

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10
Q
  • Proposed that invisible organisms may be involved in disease
  • Proposed that epidemic diseases are caused by transferable tiny particles or “spores”
A

Girolamo Fracastoro (1546)

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11
Q
  • Englishman who explored various matter with a compound microscope
  • Discovered the smallest structural units were little boxes called “cells”
A

Robert Hooke (1660)

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12
Q
  • Demonstrated that animals do not arise spontaneously from dead organic matter
A

Francesco Redi (1668)

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13
Q
  • The first to describe bacteria and protozoa using a small, simple microscope
  • Known as the “Father of Microbiology”
  • “Animacules”
A

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek (1676)

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14
Q
  • He demonstrated experiments that seemed to show that there was a life force that produced spontaneous generation
A

John Needham (1745)

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15
Q
  • Demonstrated that heated broth, in the absence of air, do not support spontaneous generation
  • Challenged the claim of John Needham
A

Lazzaro Spallanzani (1770)

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16
Q
  • An English surgeon who introduced the first vaccine against smallpox
  • Explained the effectivity of using cowpox vaccine as an immunization for smallpox in humans
A

Edward Jenner (1796)

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17
Q
  • A Hungarian Physician who substantiated his theory that childbed fever is a contagious disease transmitted to women by their physicians during childbirth
  • Postulated the theory of washing with chlorinated lime solutions
A

Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (1847-1850)

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18
Q
  • London physician who demonstrated the epidemic spread of cholera through a water supply contaminated with human sewage
A

John Snow (1853-1854)

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19
Q
  • Challenged abiogenesis with the theory of biogenesis as summarized by his famous statement: “omnis cellula e cellula”
A

Rudolf Virchow (1858)

20
Q
  • A French Biologist who studied about the bacterial contamination of wine
  • Stated that specific microbes produce a specific fermentation product
A

Louis Pasteur (1857)

21
Q
  • Developed techniques for selective destruction of microorganisms (pasteurization)
A

Louis Pasteur (1857)

22
Q
  • Disproved the theory of spontaneous generation through definitive experiments
  • He introduced the terms “aerobes” and “anaerobes”
A

Louis Pasteur (1861)

23
Q
  • Discovered the infectious agents that caused the silkworm disease that crippled the silk industry of France
A

Louis Pasteur (1868)

24
Q
  • Made significant contributions to the Germ Theory of Disease
  • Developed vaccines for anthrax in animals
  • Developed a special vaccine for rabies
A

Louis Pasteur (1881 and 1885)

25
Q
  • An English surgeon who published his first work about antiseptic surgery
  • Applied phenol (carbolic acid) to kill bacteria
A

Joseph Lister (1867)

26
Q
  • A prominent 19th century physicist who demonstrated that open tubes of broth remained free of bacteria if air was free of dust
  • Developed tyndallization (fractional sterilization) to destroy spores
A

Joseph Tyndall (1876-1877)

27
Q
  • Observed anthrax in cattle and identified Bacillus anthracis as its causative agent
A

Robert Koch (1876-1877)

28
Q
  • Introduced the use of pure culture techniques for handling bacteria in the laboratory
  • Developed solid culture media (agar) as suggested by Fannie Hesse
A

Robert Koch (1881)

28
Q
  • A Danish physician who devised the gram-staining technique for differentiating bacteria
A

Hans Christian Gram (1884)

28
Q
  • A Russian biologist who was the first to discover viruses (tobacco-mosaic virus) and showed that it can be transmitted in a cell-free infiltrate
A

Dmitri Ivanovsky (1892)

28
Q
  • Discovered the pathogen for TB (1882)
  • Developed postulates in proving the cause of infectious disease (1884)
A

Robert Koch

28
Q
  • A German physiologist who developed the method for producing immunity by using antitoxin against diptheria
A

Emil Adolf von Behring (1890)

28
Q

In 1887, Robert Koch’s laboratory assistant ______ invented a round shallow dish with a flat bottom and vertical sides to hold agar or gelatin growth media

A

Julius Richard Petri (Petri Dish)

29
Q
  • An Italian zoologist known for his work demonstrating that mosquitoes carry malaria parasite Plasmodium in their digestive tract
A

Giovanni Battista Grassi (1898)

30
Q
  • A British doctor who received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1902 for his work on Malaria
  • Discovered the malarial parasite to be residing in the GI tract of the Anopheles mosquito
A

Sir Ronald Ross (1998)

31
Q
  • An English nurse who developed modern nursing techniques and procedures for organizing hospitals to reduce the spread of diseases
A

Florence Nightingale (19th Century)

32
Q
  • A German zoologist and a German dermatologist, respectively, who coined that Syphilis is shown to be caused by Treponema pallidum
A

Fritz Richard Schaudinn and Erich Hoffman

33
Q
  • A German scientist who formulated the Humoral Theory of Resistance
  • Developed new staining techniques
  • Developed the very first chemotherapeutic agent to combat syphilis (Salvarsan)
A

Paul Ehrlich (1908)

34
Q
  • An American pathologist who discovered viruses that could induce cancer
A

Francis Rous (1910)

35
Q
  • A Scottish bacteriologist who discovered and described the properties of the first antibiotic (Penicillin)
A

Sir Alexander Fleming (1929)

36
Q
  • A German physicist and a German electrical engineer, respectively, who developed the first electron miscroscope
A

Ernst August Friedrich Ruska and Bodo von Borries (1933-1938)

37
Q
  • An American medical researcher and virologist who developed the first Polio Vaccine
A

Jonas Salk (1954)

38
Q
  • An American microbiologist who developed the first version of the Hepatitis B Vaccine from virus isolated from fresh human blood
A

Maurice Ralph Hilleman (1982)

39
Q
  • A French virologist and an American biomedical researcher, respectively, known for the isolation and characterization of HIV
A

Luc Antoine Montagnier and Robert Charles Gallo (1983)

40
Q
  • A Chilean biochemist dedicated to biotechnology development, known for the discovery of the Hepatitis C Virus and the invention of the first recombinant vaccine against Hepatitis B Virus, the vaccine still in use today
A

Pablo DT Valenzuela (1986)

[6] NUR102 | MICROPARA (9 decks)

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