(2) EVOLUTION OF MICROBIOLOGY Flashcards
During this time, as many as 11 different types of fossils of primitive microorganisms have been found in ancient rock formations in Western Australia
3.5 billion years ago
During this time, animals made their appearance on earth
900 and 650 million years ago
During this time, humans have existed
Past 100,000 years or so
First microorganisms on Earth
Cyanobacteria and Archaeans
During this time, a plague (an epidemic) broke out in Egypt
3180 BC
During this time, an outbreak of a smallpox-like disease originating from China spread worldwide
1122 BC
The exhumed mummified remains of _______ showed lesions resembling smallpox
Rameses V
States that life may arise from non-living matter
Theory of Spontaneous Generation
States that life must arise from pre-existing life
Theory of Biogenesis
- Proposed that invisible organisms may be involved in disease
- Proposed that epidemic diseases are caused by transferable tiny particles or “spores”
Girolamo Fracastoro (1546)
- Englishman who explored various matter with a compound microscope
- Discovered the smallest structural units were little boxes called “cells”
Robert Hooke (1660)
- Demonstrated that animals do not arise spontaneously from dead organic matter
Francesco Redi (1668)
- The first to describe bacteria and protozoa using a small, simple microscope
- Known as the “Father of Microbiology”
- “Animacules”
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek (1676)
- He demonstrated experiments that seemed to show that there was a life force that produced spontaneous generation
John Needham (1745)
- Demonstrated that heated broth, in the absence of air, do not support spontaneous generation
- Challenged the claim of John Needham
Lazzaro Spallanzani (1770)
- An English surgeon who introduced the first vaccine against smallpox
- Explained the effectivity of using cowpox vaccine as an immunization for smallpox in humans
Edward Jenner (1796)
- A Hungarian Physician who substantiated his theory that childbed fever is a contagious disease transmitted to women by their physicians during childbirth
- Postulated the theory of washing with chlorinated lime solutions
Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (1847-1850)
- London physician who demonstrated the epidemic spread of cholera through a water supply contaminated with human sewage
John Snow (1853-1854)
- Challenged abiogenesis with the theory of biogenesis as summarized by his famous statement: “omnis cellula e cellula”
Rudolf Virchow (1858)
- A French Biologist who studied about the bacterial contamination of wine
- Stated that specific microbes produce a specific fermentation product
Louis Pasteur (1857)
- Developed techniques for selective destruction of microorganisms (pasteurization)
Louis Pasteur (1857)
- Disproved the theory of spontaneous generation through definitive experiments
- He introduced the terms “aerobes” and “anaerobes”
Louis Pasteur (1861)
- Discovered the infectious agents that caused the silkworm disease that crippled the silk industry of France
Louis Pasteur (1868)
- Made significant contributions to the Germ Theory of Disease
- Developed vaccines for anthrax in animals
- Developed a special vaccine for rabies
Louis Pasteur (1881 and 1885)
- An English surgeon who published his first work about antiseptic surgery
- Applied phenol (carbolic acid) to kill bacteria
Joseph Lister (1867)
- A prominent 19th century physicist who demonstrated that open tubes of broth remained free of bacteria if air was free of dust
- Developed tyndallization (fractional sterilization) to destroy spores
Joseph Tyndall (1876-1877)
- Observed anthrax in cattle and identified Bacillus anthracis as its causative agent
Robert Koch (1876-1877)
- Introduced the use of pure culture techniques for handling bacteria in the laboratory
- Developed solid culture media (agar) as suggested by Fannie Hesse
Robert Koch (1881)
- A Danish physician who devised the gram-staining technique for differentiating bacteria
Hans Christian Gram (1884)
- A Russian biologist who was the first to discover viruses (tobacco-mosaic virus) and showed that it can be transmitted in a cell-free infiltrate
Dmitri Ivanovsky (1892)
- Discovered the pathogen for TB (1882)
- Developed postulates in proving the cause of infectious disease (1884)
Robert Koch
- A German physiologist who developed the method for producing immunity by using antitoxin against diptheria
Emil Adolf von Behring (1890)
In 1887, Robert Koch’s laboratory assistant ______ invented a round shallow dish with a flat bottom and vertical sides to hold agar or gelatin growth media
Julius Richard Petri (Petri Dish)
- An Italian zoologist known for his work demonstrating that mosquitoes carry malaria parasite Plasmodium in their digestive tract
Giovanni Battista Grassi (1898)
- A British doctor who received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1902 for his work on Malaria
- Discovered the malarial parasite to be residing in the GI tract of the Anopheles mosquito
Sir Ronald Ross (1998)
- An English nurse who developed modern nursing techniques and procedures for organizing hospitals to reduce the spread of diseases
Florence Nightingale (19th Century)
- A German zoologist and a German dermatologist, respectively, who coined that Syphilis is shown to be caused by Treponema pallidum
Fritz Richard Schaudinn and Erich Hoffman
- A German scientist who formulated the Humoral Theory of Resistance
- Developed new staining techniques
- Developed the very first chemotherapeutic agent to combat syphilis (Salvarsan)
Paul Ehrlich (1908)
- An American pathologist who discovered viruses that could induce cancer
Francis Rous (1910)
- A Scottish bacteriologist who discovered and described the properties of the first antibiotic (Penicillin)
Sir Alexander Fleming (1929)
- A German physicist and a German electrical engineer, respectively, who developed the first electron miscroscope
Ernst August Friedrich Ruska and Bodo von Borries (1933-1938)
- An American medical researcher and virologist who developed the first Polio Vaccine
Jonas Salk (1954)
- An American microbiologist who developed the first version of the Hepatitis B Vaccine from virus isolated from fresh human blood
Maurice Ralph Hilleman (1982)
- A French virologist and an American biomedical researcher, respectively, known for the isolation and characterization of HIV
Luc Antoine Montagnier and Robert Charles Gallo (1983)
- A Chilean biochemist dedicated to biotechnology development, known for the discovery of the Hepatitis C Virus and the invention of the first recombinant vaccine against Hepatitis B Virus, the vaccine still in use today
Pablo DT Valenzuela (1986)
