9. Maslow (Holistic-Dynamic Theory)

Question 1

Basic Assumption

Answer 1

The whole person is constantly being motivated by one need or another and people have potential to grow toward psychological health/self-actualization once they satisfy low level needs

Question 2

Hierarchy of (Conative) Needs

Answer 2

Physiological –> Safety –> Love and Belonging –> Esteem –> Self-Actualization

Question 3

Non-Conative Needs

Answer 3

(i) Aesthetic Needs

(ii) Cognitive Needs

(iii) Neurotic Needs

Question 4

Aesthetic Needs

Answer 4

Need to be in an aesthetic environment – some can become physically/spiritually ill if unsatisfied

Question 5

Cognitive Needs

Answer 5

Desire to know, solve, be curious

Question 6

Neurotic Needs

Answer 6

Nonproductive, perpetuate unhealthy style of life, strive to compensate for unsatisfied basic needs

Question 7

Expressive Behaviour

Answer 7

Serves no purpose other than expression - e.g. gait, gestures, voice, slouching, blush

Question 8

Coping Behaviour

Answer 8

Serves some aim, motivated by deficit need - i.e. attempts to cope with environment

Question 9

Metapathology

Answer 9

Result of depriving B values/self-actualization needs –> lack of values, fulfillment, life meaning

Question 10

Instinctoid Needs

Answer 10

Needs that are innately determined, persistent, and required for psychological health

Question 11

Higher Needs (vs Lower Needs)

Answer 11

Appear later in life of individual and species

Produce more happiness/peak experiences

Question 12

Four Criteria for Self-Actualization

Answer 12

(i) Free from psychopathology

(ii) Progressed through hierarchy of needs

(iii) Embrace B-values

(iv) Full use of potential

Question 13

B (Being) Values

Answer 13

Meta-needs –> ultimate level of needs, indicators of psychological health

14 sub-values but ultimately all one

Question 14

Metamotivations

Answer 14

Motivations of self-actualizing people –> associated with B values

Question 15

Characteristics of Self-Actualizing People (name 5/15)

Answer 15

(1) a more efficient perception of reality; (2) acceptance of self, others, and nature; (3) spontaneity, simplicity, and naturalness; (4) a problem-centered approach to life; (5) the need for privacy; (6) autonomy; (7) freshness of appreciation; (8) peak experiences; (9) social interest; (10) profound interpersonal relations; (11) a democratic attitude; (12) the ability to discriminate means from ends; (13) a philosophical sense of humor; (14) creativeness; and (15) resistance to enculturation

Question 16

Resacralization

Answer 16

Return to humanistic, holistic approach to psychological science

Vs cold approach to science that lacks joy and wonder

Question 17

The Jonah Complex

Answer 17

The fear of being one’s best, running away from destiny –> most apparent in neurotics but can be present in everyone

Question 18

Positive Psychology

Answer 18

Field of psychology that emphasizes hope, optimism, wellbeing, and the impact of positive experiences on one’s life