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Introduction to Personality Theories and Issues > 2. Freud (Psychoanalysis) > Flashcards

2. Freud (Psychoanalysis) Flashcards

1
Q

Name of Freud’s psychological society

A

Vienna Psychoanalytic Society

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2
Q

How was Freud’s relationship with his mother?

A

Good (a little too good)

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3
Q

How was Freud’s relationship with his brother Julius?

A

Hostile –> wanted him to die –> he died –> Freud guilty –> realized desire was normal –> psychic development

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4
Q

Three levels of mental life

A

Unconscious, preconscious, conscious

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5
Q

Contents of unconscious

A

All drives, urges and instincts that are beyond our awareness and motivate our words, feelings, actions

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6
Q

How do forces in unconscious become conscious?

A

Disguise to slip past primary guardian to preconscious then secondary guardian to conscious

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7
Q

Reaction Formation

A

Mechanism by which disguised drive takes form opposite to original feeling but exaggerated, obsessive, compulsive

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8
Q

How do unconscious images appear to us once they are in conscious?

A

Pleasant, non-threatening –> but with strong sexual or aggressive motifs (e.g. erotic or hostile urges expressed by teasing –> unconscious of first person influences unconscious of second but neither party consciously aware)

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9
Q

Unconscious images spring from…

A

Childhood events or phylogenetic endownment

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10
Q

Phylogenetic endowment

A

Experiences of early ancestors

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11
Q

Contents of preconscious

A

All elements that are not conscious but can become so readily or without difficulty

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12
Q

Two sources of preconscious elements

A
  1. Conscious (transitory/alternating between conscious and preconscious)
  2. Unconscious (in disguise)
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13
Q

Contents of conscious

A

Those mental elements in awareness at any given point in time

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14
Q

Two sources of conscious elements

A
  1. Conscious perception
  2. Preconscious and unconscious (in disguise/distorted)
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15
Q

Freud’s two structures of the mind

A
  1. Topographic/levels (conscious, preconscious, unconscious)
  2. Structural/provinces (id, ego, superego)
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16
Q

Ego levels

A

Across conscious, preconscious and unconscious

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17
Q

Superego levels

A

Preconscious and unconscious

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18
Q

Id levels

A

Entirely unconscious

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19
Q

What is the result of variance in provinces across individuals?

A

Different personalities

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20
Q

Result of a dominant ego

A

Psychological health (in control of id and superego)

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21
Q

Qualities of id

A

Primitive, chaotic, amoral, illogical

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22
Q

Id serves the ______ principle

A

pleasure (basic desires)

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23
Q

Id fueled by energy from…

A

basic drives

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24
Q

Ego serves the _______ principle

A

Reality

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25
Q

Which province of the mind makes decisions?

A

Ego

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26
Q

Ego must balance demands of: (3)

A

Id, superego and reality/external world

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27
Q

If ego cannot handle the tension involved in balancing id, superego and reality, the result is…

A

Anxiety

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28
Q

Ego manages its anxiety using…

A

Defence mechanisms

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29
Q

When does the ego develop?

A

When infants learn to distinguish self from outer world

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30
Q

Children’s good behaviour is initially motivated by the ______ then as they mature, the ________

A

ego, superego

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31
Q

Ego and superego fueled by…

A

energy from the id

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32
Q

Superego serves the _______ principle

A

moral/ideal

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33
Q

Superego’s two systems

A

Conscience (what we should not do) and ego-ideal (what we should do)

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34
Q

If ego does not meet superego’s moral standards =

A

Guilt

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35
Q

If ego does not meet superego’s ideals =

A

Inferiority

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36
Q

What motivates people?

A

Energy from basic drives to seek pleasure and reduce anxiety

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37
Q

Sex drive psychic energy

A

Libido

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38
Q

Aggression drive psychic energy

A

Nameless

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39
Q

Every basic drive characterized by: (4)

A

An impetus (amount of force exerted)
A source (region of the body in state of excitation/tension)
An aim (to seek pleasure by removing excitation/tension)
An object (means through which aim is satisfied)

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40
Q

Where in the body is libido?

A

Everywhere

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41
Q

Sex can take the form of: (4)

A

Narcissism, love, sadism, masochism

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42
Q

Characterize infant libido

A

Primary narcissism – invested in own ego

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43
Q

Characterize adolescent libido

A

Secondary narcissism – personal appearance and self interests

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44
Q

Characterize child libido

A

Development from primary narcissism (inward) to object libido (love)

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45
Q

When do sadism and masochism become perverse/pathological?

A

When sex drive subservient to aggressive drive

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46
Q

What is the aim of the aggressive drive?

A

To return organism to inorganic state (death)

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47
Q

When did Freud develop the aggressive drive?

A

After WWI and death of his daughter

48
Q

What are some everyday manifestations of aggressive drive?

A

Teasing, gossip, sarcasm, humiliation, humour

49
Q

Define anxiety

A

A felt, affective, unpleasant state accompanied by physical sensation that warns person against impending danger

50
Q

What causes anxiety?

A

Reality preventing unopposed fulfillment of sex and aggressive drives

51
Q

Neurotic Anxiety

A

Feeling of unknown danger caused by ego’s dependence on chaotic id

52
Q

Moral Anxiety

A

Feeling of impending guilt/inadequacy caused by ego’s dependence on idealistic/unrealistic superego

53
Q

Realistic Anxiety

A

Fear-like feeling caused by ego’s dependence on reality

Not related to a specific fearful object; just a general unpleasant feeling

54
Q

What is the function of anxiety?

A

Preserves ego by signalling danger

55
Q

What is the function of defence mechanisms?

A

Protects ego from pain of anxiety

56
Q

Are defence mechanisms always pathological?

A

No – they are normal and universally used

57
Q

Define repression

A

When ego forces id impulses into unconscious

58
Q

When does repression begin?

A

In childhood –> anxiety due to punishment for drives

59
Q

What can happen when id impulses are repressed into unconscious? (3)

A
  1. Impulses remain unchanged in unconscious
  2. Impulses force their way into consciousness in unaltered form, resulting in overwhelming anxiety
  3. Impulses expressed in altered form (disguised/displaced)
60
Q

Define displacement (as a defence mechanism)

A

Reaction formation limited to a single object
Redirection of unacceptable impulses onto various people/objects

61
Q

Define fixation

A

Permanent attachment of libido onto a more primitive stage of development due to anxiety about psychological growth

62
Q

Define regression

A

Temporary attachment of libido onto a more primitive stage of development due to anxiety about psychological growth

63
Q

Define projection

A

Seeing one’s own unacceptable impulses in others

64
Q

Describe projection in its pathological form

A

Paranoia –> characterized by repressed homosexual feelings toward the persecutor (a same sex former friend) –> reverse feelings (love –> hate) and project them onto original object (he hates me)

65
Q

Define introjection

A

Incorporating positive qualities of another person into own ego to minimize feelings of inferiority

66
Q

Describe relationship between introjection and Oedipus complex

A

When child resolves Oedipus complex and introjects parents’ values, superego forms

67
Q

Define sublimation

A

Aim of a basic drive substituted with cultural/social aim (e.g. art, human relationships, social pursuits)

68
Q

Which defence mechanism helps the individual and society?

A

Sublimation

69
Q

What are the four stages of psychosexual development?

A

Infant phase, latent phase, genital phase, maturity

70
Q

What are the three sub-stages of the infant phase?

A

Oral phase, anal phase, phallic phase

71
Q

Which stage of psychosexual development is most crucial for personality formation?

A

Infant period

72
Q

What are the two sub-stages of the oral phase?

A

Oral-receptive –> oral-sadistic

73
Q

How do infants in oral phase obtain pleasure?

A

Sucking/milk

74
Q

Characterize oral-receptive phase

A

Infants receive nipple with minimal anxiety

75
Q

Characterize transition from oral-receptive to oral-sadistic phase

A

Infant develops anxiety due to weaning, resulting in ambivalence towards love object and increased ego ability to defend against anxiety

76
Q

Characterize oral sadistic phase

A

Infants get teeth, bite, close mouth, cry

77
Q

How do adults gratify oral needs?

A

Overeating, smoking, making “biting” remarks

78
Q

When does the aggressive drive more fully develop?

A

Anal phase

79
Q

How is satisfaction derived in early anal phase

A

Destroying/losing objects
Behaving aggressively toward parents
Frustrating parents with toilet training

80
Q

How is satisfaction derived during late anal phase

A

Erotic pleasure of defecating

81
Q

How can parents mess up during the anal phase?

A

If child presents feces to parents as a prize and is shamed, children may obtain anal pleasure by withholding feces until pressure is painful/erotically stimulating –> leading to narcissistic and masochistic pleasure

82
Q

What are the three characteristics of anal adults?

A

Orderliness, stinginess and obstinacy

83
Q

What happens to children who are resistant to toilet training in adulthood?

A

They receive erotic satisfaction from being orderly

84
Q

Describe Freud’s fucked up ideas re anal eroticism and penis envy in girls

A

Anal eroticism becomes penis envy during phallic stage, ultimately satisfied by giving birth (poop = penis = baby)

85
Q

When do male and female psychosexual development diverge?

A

Phallic phase (age 3-4)

86
Q

From psychoanalytical perspective, the most crucial aspect of personality development

A

Experience with Oedipus complex

87
Q

Describe Oedipus Complex

A

Infant boy wants to be his father and wants his mother, then as ego develops, sees father as rival for mother’s affection

88
Q

How does Oedipus complex get resolved?

A

When superego begins to develop –> unacceptable feelings pushed into unconscious –> boy then sees parent(s) as moral model

89
Q

Describe castration anxiety in boys

A

Develops when a boy (i) becomes aware of absence of a penis in girls and (ii) is mature enough to comprehend connection between sexual desires and removal of penis

Since he has been punished for sexual behaviours, he fears having his penis removed (like a girl) and represses sexual desire for mother

90
Q

Describe the relationship between castration anxiety and phylogenetic endowment

A

Ancient jealous fathers castrated sons for sexual desiring mother

Circumcision is a relic of this practice

91
Q

Describe female Oedipus complex

A

When girls learn that boys have more than a vagina, they feel cheated and want more –> later becomes desire for baby

Sexual desire for mother turns into hostility for having a penis, then directed to father who can give her a substitute phallus (a baby)

92
Q

Resolution of female Oedipus complex

A

When a girl gives up masturbating and sexual desire for father –> identifies with mother

93
Q

Describe the latency period

A

Period of minimal psychosexual development from age 6-12 when libido sublimated and psychic energy directed toward nonsexual activities

94
Q

Describe the relationship between the latency period and phylogenetic endowment

A

Ancient fathers killed sons so sons killed fathers, then banded together to prohibit their sons from killing them and seducing female relatives –> when they became fathers, they suppressed sexuality leading to latency –> repeated over generations

95
Q

Describe the genital period

A

Sexual energy directed toward others
Vagina attains some status for boys and girls
Sex drive may be repressed, sublimated or expressed

96
Q

Final stage of psychosexual development

A

Maturity = balance among structures of mind, more prominent consciousness, minimal need to repress drives, in control of psychic energy with a functioning ego

97
Q

Does everyone reach psychosexual maturity?

A

No –> most people develop pathologies or neuroses

98
Q

What was Freud’s early therapeutic technique?

A

Extract repressed childhood memories using hypnosis and dream interpretation

99
Q

What was the primary goal of Freud’s later therapeutic technique?

A

Transform the unconscious into conscious by uncovering repressed memories through dram analysis or free association = strengthen the ego by freeing up psychic energy

100
Q

What is Freud’s free association technique?

A

Patients must verbalize every thought that arises, no matter how irrelevant or repugnant –> in order to follow conscious idea to unconscious

101
Q

What is the function of transference in the therapeutic process?

A

Movement of libido from neurotic symptoms to struggle with new object (therapist) in nonthreatening setting

102
Q

What is resistance in the therapeutic process?

A

Patients’ unconscious responses to block therapeutic process –> can indicate progress

103
Q

Freud’s identified limitations of psychoanalysis (3)

A

(1) Not all memories should be brought into conscious
(2) Less effective strategy with psychoses –> better with phobias, hysteria, obsessions
(3) Once cured, patient may later develop another psychic problem

104
Q

What is the basic assumption of dream analysis?

A

Almost all dreams are wish fulfillments and may contain manifest or latent content –> only dream analysis can uncover wishes underlying latent content

105
Q

Dreams consist of _________ content (conscious meaning) and _________ content (unconscious meaning)

A

Manifest; latent

106
Q

What disguises do dreams take to slip past censors? (3)

A

Condensation = unconscious material condensed to appear as manifest content

Displacement = dream image replaced by another remotely related idea

Inhibit or reverse dreamer’s affect about emotional event

107
Q

What is nonconscious mental processing?

A

Mental processes that are neither in awareness nor under intentional control – major theme of cognitive psychology over last 20 years

108
Q

What is a Freudian slip?

A

Everyday slips of the tongue that arise from opposing intentions of unconscious and preconscious, revealing unconscious, true intentions

109
Q

What are the pleasure-seeking structures in the brain?

A

Brainstem and limbic system

110
Q

How do the pleasure-seeking structures in the brain keep us motivated?

A

Brain wants dopamine and is satisfied by opioid –> we seek more than we are satisfied

111
Q

What happens when the frontal-limbic system is damaged?

A

Increase in pleasure-seeking impulses / controlled by id

112
Q

What is the relationship between repression and the brain?

A

When right hemisphere artificially stimulated, repression goes away and awareness returns

The more repressive the personality, the longer it takes to perceive a stimulus

113
Q

What is the activation synthesis theory?

A

The waking mind gives meaning to random brain activities and there is no meaning inherent in dream

114
Q

What is the dream rebound effect?

A

Attempts to suppress unwanted thoughts prior to sleep lead to increased dreaming about that target –> supported by empirical research

115
Q

How do modern psychoanalysts view activation synthesis theory?

A

They challenge it –> there is no one to one correspondence between REM sleep and dreaming, so studies that show higher level thinking structures are not involved in REM sleep do not prove what they claim to prove

Introduction to Personality Theories and Issues (19 decks)

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