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Biology 111 > 9. Fungi > Flashcards

9. Fungi Flashcards

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1
Q

Explanation for witchcraft at Salem?

A

People had ingested fungi, which might be why they were acting weirdly, having seizures, etc.

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2
Q

How is fungi our “friend”?

A

Make wine, beer, bread, cheese

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3
Q

Fungi are ….trophs

A

Absorptive heterotrophs - they need organic material from the outside, and they absorb it and metabolize it

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4
Q

What is the role of fungi?

A

Decomposers (saprobes/saprotrophs)

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5
Q

Who do ufngi decompose?

A

Enzymes - no digestive system

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6
Q

Cell wall of fungi?

A

Chitin (poly-glucosamine) & glucans (polysaccharide)

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7
Q

Fungi - morphology?

A

Multicellular (most, yeast is unicellular)

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8
Q

Fungi - morphology?

A

Terrestrial (most)

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9
Q

Fungi produce…

A

Spores

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10
Q

Fungi have a …. body plan

A

Filamentous

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11
Q

What do we call the long branched filaments of fungi?

A

Hyphae

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12
Q

What do we call the tangled mass of hyphae?

A

Mycelium

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13
Q

What can account for the large surface area of fungi?

A

Filamentous structure

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14
Q

In many fungi, hyphae are divided into …. by…

A

Cell-like compartments

Porous septae

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15
Q

What does saprotrophic mean?

A

Decomposers of dead material

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16
Q

How are fungi symbiotic?

A
  • Commensal (+/0)
  • Mutualistic (+/+) (with plants, animals, algae, bacteria)
  • Parasitic (+/-) with plants or animals
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17
Q

Can fungi be predators?

A

Yes (can contract to capture)

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18
Q

What do we see of the fungi?

A

The fruiting bodies

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19
Q

Where is most of the fungi?

A

Underground (where it absorbs nutrients)

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20
Q

What is the role of fruiting bodies of fungi?

A

Sexual reproduction

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21
Q

What is a mutualistic association of fungus with plant roots?

A

Mycorrhiza

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22
Q

What are two types of mycorrhiza?

A

Ecto –> fungus hyphae do not penetrate cell walls of plant roots
Endo –> fungus hyphae grow through cell walls

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23
Q

How does mycorrhiza work?

A

Fungus receives carbohydrates from plant

Plant receives minerals and water from fungus

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24
Q

Mycorrhiza is older than…

A

Vascular plants

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25
Q

What is lichen?

A

Fungi + cyanobacterium and/or unicellular green alga

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26
Q

How does lichen reproduce?

A
  • Soredium
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27
Q

Why are lichen are pioneer species?

A
  • Break down rocks to form soil
  • Tolerate extreme climates
  • Diverse in morphology, color, species
  • Sensitive to toxins in air (air pollution indicators)
  • Food for tundra animals
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28
Q

Leaf cutter ants?

A

Feed fungal colony, which breaks down cellulose; hyphae fed to ant larvae; ants provide food and protection (mutualistic)

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29
Q

3 types of fungi as plant pathogens?

A
  • corn smut
  • ergots on rye
  • tar spot fungi
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30
Q

Types of fungi as animal pahtogens?

A
  • Ring worm (trichlophyton microsporum)
  • Athlete’s food (trichophyton)
  • Trush (Candida)
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31
Q

Fruiting bodies produce spores by….

A

Meiosis

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32
Q

What are spores?

A

Unicellular reproductive structure, generated asexually or sexually

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33
Q

Where does meiosis happen in fungi?

A

Mushroom gill - basidia

34
Q

Examples of asexual reproduction in fungi?

A

Budding, fission, spores, conidia

35
Q

Spores are produced in?

A
  • Sporangia

- At the tips of hyphae, then called Conidia (naked spores)

36
Q

Spores are commonly dispersed by …

A

Wind and water (no independent mobility)

37
Q

In a m3 we find …. fungal spores

A

10 000

38
Q

When did chitin evolve?

A

At the very base of fungi

39
Q

Fungi flourished during….

A

Permian (lot of stuff to decompose after mass extinction)

40
Q

Fungi are most closely related to…

A

Animals (than plants)

41
Q

How many species of fungi known?

A

100,000

42
Q

Base of different groups of fungi are well resolved?

A

False - poorly resolved

43
Q

Chytrids and Zygomecetes are …. groups

A

Paraphyletic

44
Q

Yeast - morphology

A

Unicellular

45
Q

Yeast belong to which group?

A

Many - zygo, asco, basidiomycota

46
Q

Specific of yeast?

A

They have plasmids (useful to study eukaryotic organism with fast reproduction cycles)

47
Q

Microsporidia - always belonged to fungi?

A

Nope. Relationship have puzzled taxonomists for decades.

48
Q

Microsporidia - size?

A

Smallest eukaryotic

49
Q

Microsporidia - morphology?

A

Unciellular

50
Q

Specific of microsporidia?

A

Lost mitochondria, replaced it for mitosomes

51
Q

Microsporidia are …. parasites

A

Obligate intracellular

52
Q

Chytrids - habitat?

A

Aquatic

53
Q

Chytrids - what is unique?

A

Flagellated spores (only group with motile stage)

54
Q

Chytrids - morphology?

A

Unicellular & multicellular stages

55
Q

Chytrids are …. ic

A
  • Saprobic
  • Parasitic
  • Mutualistic (cellulose, degradation in cattle, deer)
56
Q

Are chytrids pathogens?

A

yes - responsible for worldwide decline in amphibians (skin infection)

57
Q

Chytrids have a …. life cycle

A

Alternating life cycle: diploid, haploid phases (spores go to one stage to the next, meiosis happens to the end of diploid stage, multicellular haploid chytrid)

58
Q

Zygomycota - habitat

A

Terrestrial

59
Q

Zygomycota - ic

A

Parasitic saprobic

60
Q

Where are the spores of zygomycota?

A

In sporangia atop specialized hyphae

61
Q

Zygomycota have a …. life cycle

A

Haplontic (mostly haploid)

62
Q

In zygomycota, where is the diploid stage?

A

Limited to the zygote

63
Q

What is plasmogamy?

A

In Zygomycota, process …… zygosporangium (11:20)

64
Q

What is called the merging of the nuclei?

A

Karyogamy

65
Q

Glomeromycota - # species?

A

Less than 200

66
Q

Glomeromycota - habitat?

A

Terrestrial

67
Q

Glomeromycota form …. with plants (grasses)

A

Arbuscular endomycorrhizae

68
Q

What is the role of glomeromycota?

A

Transfer phosphorous to plants

Increase tolerance to plants

69
Q

Glomerycota - reproduction?

A

Unknown

70
Q

Usual mushrooms are from which group?

A

Basidiomycota (club fungi)

71
Q

Basidiomycota - habitat?

A

Terrestria, aquatic

72
Q

Basidiomycota - fruiting bodies?

A

Basidiocarps

73
Q

Basidiomycota - special?

A

Only group able to completely digest ligning

74
Q

Ectomycorrhizae?

A

…forest (?) 11:23

75
Q

Basidiomycota - life cycle?

A

Basidiocarp is dikarotic (two nuclei that coexist independently), 11:24……

76
Q

Ascomycota are called …

A

Sac fungi

77
Q

What is typical of ascomycota?

A

Fruiting bodies avec sacs (asci)

78
Q

Name a few Ascomycota

A
  • Lichens
  • Brewer’s and baker’s yeast
  • Molds and mildews (penicillium + aspergillus)
79
Q

Reproduction of ascomycota?

A

Conidia produces asexually in specialized hyphae

80
Q

Diseases related to ascomycota?

A
  • Ergotism
  • Dutch elm disease
  • Chestnut blight
81
Q

Ascomycota - life cycle?

A
  • Dikaryotic mycelium (nuclei are together, but not merged - fertilization has not happened yet)
  • Karyogamy (where nuclei merge)
  • 8 ascus spores
82
Q

What is geomyces destructans?

A

Disease caused by ascomycota (cold-loving) that attacks bats (“white nose syndrome”). 7 million bats killed so far.

Biology 111 (22 decks)

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