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Biology 111 > 22. Mammals II: Primates, Hominid Evolution, CNS > Flashcards

22. Mammals II: Primates, Hominid Evolution, CNS Flashcards

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0
Q

Primates

- Limbs?

A

Grasping limbs with opposable thumb

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1
Q

Primates have a …. ancestor

A

Arboreal

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2
Q

Primates - eyes?

A

Forward-facing (depth perception)

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3
Q

Primates - social?

A
  • Reduced brood size

- Extended parental care

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4
Q

2 major groups of primates?

A
  • Prosimians

- Anthropoids

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5
Q

What are prosimians?

A

Lemurs, loris, etc.

Arboreal and nocural

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6
Q

Which primate is the only one entirely carnivorous?

A

Tarsier

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7
Q

New world vs old world monkey?

A

New world: South American - prehensile tail (to grasp/hold objects) present in most new world monkey, not in old world monkeys - flat nose, arboreal

Old world: Africa, Asia

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8
Q

Examples of Old world monkeys?

A
  • Macaques
  • Baboon
  • Vervet
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9
Q

Example of New world monkeys?

A
  • Capuchin
  • Spider monkey
  • Howler monkey
  • Vervet (Barbados - vs. South Africa)
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10
Q

What is the key difference between monkey and apes?

A

Larger brain to body size ratio

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11
Q

What are African Apes?

A

Gorrillas, chimpanzees, hominids

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12
Q

Gibbons, Orangutangs and African apes - what in common?

A

All lack tail

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13
Q

Size of gibbons?

A

Smaller than other apes

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14
Q

What can’t orangutangs do?

A

Cross from one tree to another by branches (too big). Must go down, walk between them, climb back up.

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15
Q

4 large categories of hominids?

A
  • Ardipithecus
  • Australopithecus
  • Paranthropus
  • Homo…
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16
Q

What was found about the ardipithecus ramidus in 2009?

A

That they walked upright (no use of arms like chimps), yet retained primitive big toe that could grasp a tree like an ape

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17
Q

Brain size of australopithecus?

A

35% of modern human brain

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18
Q

Lucy, an australopithecus afarensis, provided evidence that…

A
  • Bipedalism evolved before brains fully evolved
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19
Q

2 early homo species?

A 
Homo habilis (handy, skillful)
Homo erectus (standing)
20
Q

Ardipithecus ramidus - how many years ago?

A

4 mya

21
Q

Australopithecus - how many years ago?

A

3.5 mya

22
Q

Homo habilis - how many years ago?

A

2.5-1.5 mya (first tool use: 2 mya)

23
Q

Homo erectus - how many years ago?

A

1.6 mya - 250,000 ya

24
Q

Facies of homo habilis?

A

Shorter jaw, bigger brain

25
Q

First hominid to leave Africa and spread to Eurasia?

A

Homo erectus

26
Q

First fire use by?

A

Homo erectus

27
Q

Homo erectus physiology?

A
  • As large as modern humans

- Smaller brain, thicker skull

28
Q

2 recent homo species?

A
  • Homo neanderthalensis

- Homo sapiens

29
Q

Homo neanderthalensis - how many years ago?

A

30,000 ya

30
Q

Homo sapiens - how many years ago?

A

0.2 mya

31
Q

Homo neanderthalensis physiology?

A
  • Short, stalky, powerful build

- Larger brain than homo sapiens

32
Q

Reason of disappearance of homo neanderthalensis?

A

Extermination by homo sapiens

33
Q

Homo sapiens - physiology?

A
  • Larger brains than earlier homo species (complex social life)
34
Q

Have homo sapiens interbreed with neanderthals?

A

Yes

35
Q

DNA other than Homo sapiens?

A
  • 2% in non-African from Neanderthals

- 5% in Melanesians from Denisovans

36
Q

What other species could have coexisted with homo sapiens? When and where? Why went extinct?

A
  • Indonesia

- Extinction: 17,000 YA, volcanic eruption

37
Q

Central nervous system?

A

Dorsal, hollow tube of nervous tissue

  • Large cephalic ganglion (brain)
  • Long tube inferior to it (spinal cord)
38
Q

Peripheral nervous system?

A

Lateral nerves

  • Cranial nerves from brain
  • Spinal nerves from spinal cord
39
Q

Unconscious physiological information (blood pressure, body temperature)?

A

PNS x Hormones

40
Q

Autonomic commands (heart rate, sweating, salivation)?

A

PNS x Neurohormones

41
Q

Conscious sensory information?

A

Hormones x Neural afferents

42
Q

Voluntary commands and behaviour?

A

Neurohormones x Neural efferent

43
Q

Parasympathetic =

A

Rest and digest

44
Q

Sympathetic =

A

Fight or flight

45
Q

Four distinct features of human brain?

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Cerebellum
  • Diencephalon
  • Brain stem
46
Q

Cerebrum - in mammals?

A

Enlarged

47
Q

Role of cerebrum?

A

Intellect, learning, memory, language, consciousness

48
Q

What is called the top layer of cerebrum?

A

Cerebral cortex

Biology 111 (22 decks)

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