22. Mammals II: Primates, Hominid Evolution, CNS

Question 0

Primates

- Limbs?

Answer 0

Grasping limbs with opposable thumb

Question 1

Primates have a …. ancestor

Answer 1

Arboreal

Question 2

Primates - eyes?

Answer 2

Forward-facing (depth perception)

Question 3

Primates - social?

Answer 3

• Reduced brood size

- Extended parental care

Question 4

2 major groups of primates?

Answer 4

• Prosimians

- Anthropoids

Question 5

What are prosimians?

Answer 5

Lemurs, loris, etc.

Arboreal and nocural

Question 6

Which primate is the only one entirely carnivorous?

Answer 6

Tarsier

Question 7

New world vs old world monkey?

Answer 7

New world: South American - prehensile tail (to grasp/hold objects) present in most new world monkey, not in old world monkeys - flat nose, arboreal

Old world: Africa, Asia

Question 8

Examples of Old world monkeys?

Answer 8

• Macaques
• Baboon
• Vervet

Question 9

Example of New world monkeys?

Answer 9

• Capuchin
• Spider monkey
• Howler monkey
• Vervet (Barbados - vs. South Africa)

Question 10

What is the key difference between monkey and apes?

Answer 10

Larger brain to body size ratio

Question 11

What are African Apes?

Answer 11

Gorrillas, chimpanzees, hominids

Question 12

Gibbons, Orangutangs and African apes - what in common?

Answer 12

All lack tail

Question 13

Size of gibbons?

Answer 13

Smaller than other apes

Question 14

What can’t orangutangs do?

Answer 14

Cross from one tree to another by branches (too big). Must go down, walk between them, climb back up.

Question 15

4 large categories of hominids?

Answer 15

• Ardipithecus
• Australopithecus
• Paranthropus
• Homo…

Question 16

What was found about the ardipithecus ramidus in 2009?

Answer 16

That they walked upright (no use of arms like chimps), yet retained primitive big toe that could grasp a tree like an ape

Question 17

Brain size of australopithecus?

Answer 17

35% of modern human brain

Question 18

Lucy, an australopithecus afarensis, provided evidence that…

Answer 18

• Bipedalism evolved before brains fully evolved

Question 19

2 early homo species?

Answer 19

Homo habilis (handy, skillful)
Homo erectus (standing)

Question 20

Ardipithecus ramidus - how many years ago?

Answer 20

4 mya

Question 21

Australopithecus - how many years ago?

Answer 21

3.5 mya

Question 22

Homo habilis - how many years ago?

Answer 22

2.5-1.5 mya (first tool use: 2 mya)

Question 23

Homo erectus - how many years ago?

Answer 23

1.6 mya - 250,000 ya

Question 24

Facies of homo habilis?

Answer 24

Shorter jaw, bigger brain

Question 25

First hominid to leave Africa and spread to Eurasia?

Answer 25

Homo erectus

Question 26

First fire use by?

Answer 26

Homo erectus

Question 27

Homo erectus physiology?

Answer 27

- As large as modern humans | - Smaller brain, thicker skull

Question 28

2 recent homo species?

Answer 28

- Homo neanderthalensis | - Homo sapiens

Question 29

Homo neanderthalensis - how many years ago?

Answer 29

30,000 ya

Question 30

Homo sapiens - how many years ago?

Answer 30

0.2 mya

Question 31

Homo neanderthalensis physiology?

Answer 31

- Short, stalky, powerful build | - Larger brain than homo sapiens

Question 32

Reason of disappearance of homo neanderthalensis?

Answer 32

Extermination by homo sapiens

Question 33

Homo sapiens - physiology?

Answer 33

- Larger brains than earlier homo species (complex social life)

Question 34

Have homo sapiens interbreed with neanderthals?

Answer 34

Yes

Question 35

DNA other than Homo sapiens?

Answer 35

- 2% in non-African from Neanderthals | - 5% in Melanesians from Denisovans

Question 36

What other species could have coexisted with homo sapiens? When and where? Why went extinct?

Answer 36

- Indonesia | - Extinction: 17,000 YA, volcanic eruption

Question 37

Central nervous system?

Answer 37

Dorsal, hollow tube of nervous tissue - Large cephalic ganglion (brain) - Long tube inferior to it (spinal cord)

Question 38

Peripheral nervous system?

Answer 38

Lateral nerves - Cranial nerves from brain - Spinal nerves from spinal cord

Question 39

Unconscious physiological information (blood pressure, body temperature)?

Answer 39

PNS x Hormones

Question 40

Autonomic commands (heart rate, sweating, salivation)?

Answer 40

PNS x Neurohormones

Question 41

Conscious sensory information?

Answer 41

Hormones x Neural afferents

Question 42

Voluntary commands and behaviour?

Answer 42

Neurohormones x Neural efferent

Question 43

Parasympathetic =

Answer 43

Rest and digest

Question 44

Sympathetic =

Answer 44

Fight or flight

Question 45

Four distinct features of human brain?

Answer 45

- Cerebrum - Cerebellum - Diencephalon - Brain stem

Question 46

Cerebrum - in mammals?

Answer 46

Enlarged

Question 47

Role of cerebrum?

Answer 47

Intellect, learning, memory, language, consciousness

Question 48

What is called the top layer of cerebrum?

Answer 48

Cerebral cortex