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Biology 111 > 21. Birds > Flashcards

21. Birds Flashcards

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0
Q

First bird?

A

Archaeopteryx (ancient wing)

  • Jurassic (150 mya)
  • Crow-sized
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1
Q

Shared characteristics of birds and dinosaur ancestors?

A
  • Bipedal, 3 hind toes
  • Carnivorous
  • 4-chambered heart
  • Similar lungs
  • Feathered
  • Hollow bones
  • Parental care of eggs and juveniles
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2
Q

Archaeopteryx

  • bird characteristics?
  • non bird characteristics?
A

Bird: feathers + wings

Non-bird: teeth + bony tail

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3
Q

Is archaeopteryx ancestor of modern bird?

A

Not quite. More like shared ancestor.

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4
Q

Major characteristics of birds?

A
  • Amniotes
  • Endothermic
  • 4-chambered heart (completely separate pulmonary and systemic circuits)
  • Feathers
  • Most fly
  • Diverse beaks (due to diverse diets)
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5
Q

most unique features of birds?

A

Feathers (not flying)

Beaks

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6
Q

How do bird thermoregulate?

A

Endotherms - generate their own internal heat through metabolic processes (vs ectotherms)

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7
Q

How do endotherms generate heat?

A

We are less efficient at metabolism - we produce excess heat when we transform food into ATP (or ATP into ADP)

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8
Q

Homotherm and Heterotherm?

A

Other axis - not in opposition to endo/ectotherm. Heterotherm allows their temperature to be modified by outside temperature.

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9
Q

Endotherm and maintenance of body temperature in lab? How?

A

Endotherm: stable.
Metabolic rates indirectly proportional (kind of) to temperature of lab
(exception: too hot, MR increases)

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10
Q

Behavioural thermoregulation?

A

Move between hot and cold microhabitats depending on temperature (goes on rock in the sun, hides under ground, etc.)

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11
Q

3 types of thermoregulation

A
  • Behavioural
  • Physiological
  • Physical
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12
Q

Physiological thermoregulation?

A

Blood flow, sweat, panting, shiver, etc.

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13
Q

Physical thermoregulation?

A

Insulation (fur, feathers, fat, surface area, volume)

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14
Q

Physiological regulation, in mammals, is a ….. feddback system in the ….

A

Negative

Hypothalamus

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15
Q

Difference in ears size in rabbits?

A

Big ears in warm climates to lose more heat

Small ears in cold climates to lose less heat

16
Q

Why do we have fever?

A

Adaptive to fight infections, who don’t do well in higher temperature - could be an issue to take a fever reducer

17
Q

Issue with birds and respiration?

A
  • Flying + endothermy requires high amounts of oxygen (much more efficient and complex than in mammals)
18
Q

Birds respiratory system - ….. flow of air through lungs

A

Unidirectional

19
Q

How are birds super efficient in breathing?

A

Numerous air sacs (8-9) - anterior and posterior

- allows unidirectional air flow

20
Q

Ventilation in birds

A

Breath 1
1. Air is drawn into posterior air sacs
2. Air is proppelled?
Breath 2
3. Same air is drawn into the anterior air sacs
4. Same is air is propelled out thru nares

21
Q

In birds, it takes ………. for any breath of air to…

A
  • 2 cycles

- Come in and come out

22
Q

4 evolution of flight

A
  1. Insects
  2. Pterosaurs
  3. Birds
  4. Bats
23
Q

Gliding?

A

Not the same as flying

Snakes, fishes can glide. (planner)

24
Q

Type of evolution in flight?

A

Convergent - due to common environment, not common ancestor

25
Q

Adaptions for flight?

A
  • hollow bones (lighter)
  • sternum enlarged and keeled (plus profond, so more surface area to attach large flight muscles)
  • Feathers
26
Q

Why did feathers evolve?

A

Not for flight! Probably for insulation (found in theropod dinosaurs)

27
Q

Functions of feathers

A
  • Insultaion
  • Flight
  • Sensoring
  • Lining nests
28
Q

Feathers are all composed of?

A

Keratin (derived from scale)

29
Q

Scales in bird?

A
  • In feathers

- Scaled skin on their legs

30
Q

How do wings enable flight?

A

Wings create pattern of air flow below and above the wing that are different
- Above wing: lower pressure, higher speed of air
- Under: higher pressure, lower speed of air
(Particles must move faster to get over bump)

31
Q

More evidence for which theory of evolution of flight?

A

Ground-up (not tree-down)

32
Q

What would expect evidence for ground up?

A
  • Ancestors more close to those that use to be in the ground (vs. climbing)
  • Ancestors were running

Biology 111 (22 decks)

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