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Forest Policy & Management > 9 - Forest Certification > Flashcards

9 - Forest Certification Flashcards

1
Q

Competing certification systems have emerged, each with clear links to ______________.

A

interest groups

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2
Q

Define Certification:

A

Programs that “certify to standards that have been developed and approved through a rigorous and open process”.

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3
Q

What are the two business and policy objectives of forest certification?

A
  • Voluntary or mandatory adoption
  • “Soft law of industry”; sometimes regulated
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4
Q

What does Forest Certification require?

A

Usually require achievement of objectives in product quality or performance, beyond regulatory requirements.

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5
Q

What does third party certification provide for customers?

A

It provides confidence to customers that product quality & performance are being upheld.

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6
Q

What key question does Forest Certification ask?

A

Does the product, process, person, etc, meet certain agreed upon set standards?

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7
Q

When did Forest Certification begin?

A

1990

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8
Q

What are some critical components of Forest Certification?

A
  • Criteria
  • Indicators
  • Guidelines
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9
Q

What do the criteria, indicators and guidelines shape if Forest Certification?

A

Operational performance towards environmental, social, and economic sustainability.

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10
Q

What are the two objectives of Forest Certification?

A
  • Improve SFM
  • Assure consumers / public forest products come from sustainability managed forests (I.e., Legal)
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11
Q

Define Forest Management Certification:

A

Inspection “on the ground” against specified standards & review of documents.

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12
Q

Provide an example of Forest Management Certification:

A

Examples: Plans and Inventories

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13
Q

Define Chain of Custody Certification:

A

Certified timber is followed from forest to end consumer purchase.

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14
Q

Provide examples of Chain of Custody Certification:

A

Examples: Harvesting, Transportation, Processing, etc.

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15
Q

What are the three categories of Forest Certification advantages?

A
  1. Companies
  2. Consumers
  3. Civil Groups
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16
Q

What kind of benefits of Forest Certification do companies receive?

A
  • Increased market share
  • Increased prices
  • Increased social acceptance
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17
Q

What kind of benefits of Forest Certification do consumers receive?

A

Increased consumer influence:
- Appeals to and enables consumers wanting to make environmentally informed decisions they expect will be less damaging to the environment and society.

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18
Q

What kind of benefits of Forest Certification do civil groups receive?

A

Increased non-government or civil society influence:
- Shifts some regulatory and enforcement into hands of non-government actors, and more power.

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19
Q

What is the internationally accepted ‘golden rule’ of standardization for forest certification?

A

All standards must be approved and issued by a standards development organization, with a date indicating when it becomes valid.

20
Q

FSC uses ___________________ of which they are the sole shareholder***.

A

Accreditation Services International (ASI)

21
Q

What is the three-step normal process for standardization development, audit, and certification?

A
  1. Develop
  2. Audit
  3. Certify
22
Q

Who provides input in the ‘Develop’ stage of the normal process for standardization development, audit, and certification?

A

Multi-interest committee

23
Q

What is done in the ‘Develop’ stage of the normal process for standardization development, audit, and certification?

A

3rd party approval that requirements met for process of development, content, public review and approval.

24
Q

What is done in the ‘Audit’ stage of the normal process for standardization development, audit, and certification?

A
  • Certification bodies that do auditing must be accredited.
  • 3rd party confirms independence and competency to complete audit.
25
Q

What is done in the ‘Certify’ stage of the normal process for standardization development, audit, and certification?

A
  • Audit confirms conformity with requirements of approved standard.
  • Certification awarded for management practices or product meeting set standards.
26
Q

What are the two key international forest certifications in Canada?

A
  1. Programme for Endorsement of Forest Certification
  2. Forest Stewardship Council
27
Q

What are the two national forest certifications in Canada that branch from the Programme for Endorsement of Forest Certification?

A

a. Canadian Standards Association (CSA)
b. Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI)

28
Q

What is the national forest certification in Canada that branches from the Forest Stewardship Council?

A

Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)

29
Q

What is the CSA?

A

Canadian Standards Association

30
Q

What is the SFI?

A

Sustainable Forestry Initiative

31
Q

What is the FSC?

A

Forest Stewardship Council

32
Q

What are the three major credible standards recognized in Canada?

A
  1. FSC
  2. CSA
  3. SFI
33
Q

When was the FSC implemented? Who is involved in the FSC? and what is addressed in the FSC?

A
  • Established in 1993
  • International ENGOs
  • Principles and criteria
34
Q

When was the CSA implemented? Who is involved in the CSA? and what is addressed in the CSA?

A
  • Established in 1995
  • Governments and Industry
  • Built directly CCFM C&I
35
Q

When was the SFI implemented? Who is involved in the SFI? and what is addressed in the SFI?

A
  • Established in 1994
  • Industry
  • Performance Measures
36
Q

According to he CCFM, what do all three systems (SFI, CSA, and FSC) do?

A
  • Set high thresholds for companies to reach, beyond Canada’s rigorous regulatory requirements.
  • Provide ‘stamp or approval’ for customers - buying products originating from forests that meet comprehensive environmental, social, and economic standards
  • Issue certificates only after a thorough review and determination of conformity with standards by third-party auditors
  • Tailored to consider global forestry issues and circumstances specific to Canada, such as local livelihoods and Indigenous interests
37
Q

What are the seven examples of elements and indicators by the CSA?

A
  1. Ecosystem Diversity
  2. Species Diversity
  3. Forest Ecosystem Resilience
  4. Soil Quality and Quantity
  5. Communities and sustainability
  6. Aboriginal and Treaty Rights
  7. Fair and Effective Decision Making
38
Q

What is the forested area in North America?

A

677,000,000ha

39
Q

What forested area in Canada is certified?

A

158,000,000 (29%)

40
Q

What is the worlds forested area?

A

3,952,000,000ha

41
Q

What percent of the worlds forests are certified?

A

9%

42
Q

_____ countries have PEFC-endorsed standards.

A

30

43
Q

_______ countries have certified forests.

A

26

44
Q

_____ countries have FSC Certification.

A

81

45
Q

Independent verification provides added _____________ of responsible forest practices.

A

assurance

46
Q

____________ among private certification organizations linked to public, private and civic interests.

A

Competition

47
Q

What is the role of interest group vs. government in forest certification?

A
  • Interest groups taking arguments to governing bodies of certification organizations.
  • Government’s changing role in protection & policy.

Forest Policy & Management (11 decks)

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