1.1 - History of Forest: Conservation & Resource Protection Era (3) Flashcards
When did the Conservation & Resource Protection era occur?
1900 - 1980s
What are the two main attributes of the Conservation & Resource Protection era?
- Scientific management
- Industrialization
When was Yellowstone created?
1872
What was the US Forest Reserve Act and when was it formed?
President can reserve public forests from logging and settlement; beginning of National Forest System (1891)
Who founded the Sierra Club and when?
1892, John Muir
Why is John Muir significant?
He established the Sierra Club and helped educate Americans about the value of the country’s wilderness, inspiring generations of wilderness advocates
What are the 5 main aspects Scientific Forestry brought forward?
- Technological advances increase harvesting & processing capacities.
- Increased environmental impact
- Conservation & preservation values
- Knowledge of ecosystems advances
- Growing professional network & regulatory framework.
Who was the first ‘Environmental President’?
Theodore Rosevelt
What did Theodore Rosevelt accomplish for forests as a president?
- Supported conservation laws
- Significantly expanded national forests (~700,000km2)
When did Theodore Rosevelt become president?
1901
Who implemented the US Forest Service and when?
Gifford Pinchot, 1905
Who advised Theodore Rosevelt?
Gifford Pinchot
What key phrase did Gifford Pinchot articulate for his vision on the forest conservation movement?
“Wise use”
What does “Wise use” mean?
Sustainable harvest of natural resources
Who founded the Society of American Foresters and when?
Gifford Pinchot, 1900
What were the two main traditions in North American Environmentalism?
- Rational Resource Management (Pinchot)
- Nature-based Preservation of Inherent Value (Muir)
What was the Weeks Act and when was it implemented?
1911: It enabled federal acquisition of private and tax-delinquent lands (East of Mississippi).
1911
When was the US Park Service implemented?
1916
Who was Bernard Fernow?
He was a key player in founding scientific forestry as a professional practice in NA.
What was Alan Beaver’s Tree Planting Car?
Canadian Forestry Asc., CP &CN railways launch a long-serving education & tree planting program.
When did Alan Beavens program occur?
1919 - 1973
What was the purpose of Alan Beavens Tree Planting Car?
To teach wise use of renewable resources on the prairies.
What are two top-down management and polices?
- Command & Control
- Scientific Management
What are some characteristics of Command & Control management in the context of forests?
- Reforestation
- Fire and Pest Suppression
- Sustained Yield Principles
What are 3 ways that the ‘Command’ achieved of Command & Control management?
- Laws, Regulations, Sanctions/Fines
- Incentives & disincentives
- Changing ecosystems to suit humans (“Command over nature”)
What are 4 ways that the ‘Control’ achieved of Command & Control management?
- Dampening Natural Variation (Floods, pests)
- Controlling the ecosystem in a way that is beneficial and productive to humans.
- Suppress fire
- Artificial Stability
What are 3 aspects of Scientific Management?
- Expert Knowledge
- Professional Associations
- Iron Triangle
What is an Iron Triangle?
A bureaucratic agency, an interest group, and a congressional committee works together to advance its own agenda and act in its own interests
What is the example of the Ontario Conservation Authorities and when did it occur?
Est. 1946 to address mismanagement of land use activities causing deforestation, flooding, erosion.
Who were advocates of the Ontario Conservation Authorities?
- Farmers
- Federation of Ontario Naturalists
- Ontario Conservation & Reforestation Act
In the case of the Ontario Conservation Authorities, the resources were a ___________ responsibility, but the problems were _________.
Provincial, local
What are some examples of ‘Local Initiative’ in the case of the Ontario Conservation Authorities?
- Watershed municipalities must work together
- Grassroots involvement in local resource management
What are some examples of ‘Provincial - Municipal Partnership’ in the case of the Ontario Conservation Authorities?
Cost sharing; top-down technical advice + local knowledge
What is the Watershed Management Unit in the case of the Ontario Conservation Authorities?
Political boundaries do not always match those of natural systems, whole systems must be addressed.
What did the Conservation Authorities Act do and when was it implemented?
1946: Establish and undertake, in the area over which it has jurisdiction, a program designed to further the conservation, restoration, development, and management of natural resources other than gas, oil, and minerals
Who are two significant Utilitarian Conservation Advocates to note?
- Bernard Fernow
- Gifford Pinchot
