1.1 - History of Forest: Conservation & Resource Protection Era (3)

Question 1

When did the Conservation & Resource Protection era occur?

Answer 1

1900 - 1980s

Question 2

What are the two main attributes of the Conservation & Resource Protection era?

Answer 2

• Scientific management
• Industrialization

Question 3

When was Yellowstone created?

Answer 3

1872

Question 4

What was the US Forest Reserve Act and when was it formed?

Answer 4

President can reserve public forests from logging and settlement; beginning of National Forest System (1891)

Question 5

Who founded the Sierra Club and when?

Answer 5

1892, John Muir

Question 6

Why is John Muir significant?

Answer 6

He established the Sierra Club and helped educate Americans about the value of the country’s wilderness, inspiring generations of wilderness advocates

Question 7

What are the 5 main aspects Scientific Forestry brought forward?

Answer 7

1. Technological advances increase harvesting & processing capacities.
2. Increased environmental impact
3. Conservation & preservation values
4. Knowledge of ecosystems advances
5. Growing professional network & regulatory framework.

Question 8

Who was the first ‘Environmental President’?

Answer 8

Theodore Rosevelt

Question 9

What did Theodore Rosevelt accomplish for forests as a president?

Answer 9

• Supported conservation laws
• Significantly expanded national forests (~700,000km2)

Question 10

When did Theodore Rosevelt become president?

Answer 10

1901

Question 11

Who implemented the US Forest Service and when?

Answer 11

Gifford Pinchot, 1905

Question 12

Who advised Theodore Rosevelt?

Answer 12

Gifford Pinchot

Question 13

What key phrase did Gifford Pinchot articulate for his vision on the forest conservation movement?

Answer 13

“Wise use”

Question 14

What does “Wise use” mean?

Answer 14

Sustainable harvest of natural resources

Question 15

Who founded the Society of American Foresters and when?

Answer 15

Gifford Pinchot, 1900

Question 16

What were the two main traditions in North American Environmentalism?

Answer 16

1. Rational Resource Management (Pinchot)
2. Nature-based Preservation of Inherent Value (Muir)

Question 17

What was the Weeks Act and when was it implemented?

Answer 17

1911: It enabled federal acquisition of private and tax-delinquent lands (East of Mississippi).

1911

Question 18

When was the US Park Service implemented?

Answer 18

1916

Question 19

Who was Bernard Fernow?

Answer 19

He was a key player in founding scientific forestry as a professional practice in NA.

Question 20

What was Alan Beaver’s Tree Planting Car?

Answer 20

Canadian Forestry Asc., CP &CN railways launch a long-serving education & tree planting program.

Question 21

When did Alan Beavens program occur?

Answer 21

1919 - 1973

Question 22

What was the purpose of Alan Beavens Tree Planting Car?

Answer 22

To teach wise use of renewable resources on the prairies.

Question 23

What are two top-down management and polices?

Answer 23

• Command & Control
• Scientific Management

Question 24

What are some characteristics of Command & Control management in the context of forests?

Answer 24

• Reforestation
• Fire and Pest Suppression
• Sustained Yield Principles

Question 25

What are 3 ways that the ‘Command’ achieved of Command & Control management?

Answer 25

• Laws, Regulations, Sanctions/Fines
• Incentives & disincentives
• Changing ecosystems to suit humans (“Command over nature”)

Question 26

What are 4 ways that the ‘Control’ achieved of Command & Control management?

Answer 26

• Dampening Natural Variation (Floods, pests)
• Controlling the ecosystem in a way that is beneficial and productive to humans.
• Suppress fire
• Artificial Stability

Question 27

What are 3 aspects of Scientific Management?

Answer 27

• Expert Knowledge
• Professional Associations
• Iron Triangle

Question 28

What is an Iron Triangle?

Answer 28

A bureaucratic agency, an interest group, and a congressional committee works together to advance its own agenda and act in its own interests

Question 29

What is the example of the Ontario Conservation Authorities and when did it occur?

Answer 29

Est. 1946 to address mismanagement of land use activities causing deforestation, flooding, erosion.

Question 30

Who were advocates of the Ontario Conservation Authorities?

Answer 30

• Farmers
• Federation of Ontario Naturalists
• Ontario Conservation & Reforestation Act

Question 31

In the case of the Ontario Conservation Authorities, the resources were a ___________ responsibility, but the problems were _________.

Answer 31

Provincial, local

Question 32

What are some examples of ‘Local Initiative’ in the case of the Ontario Conservation Authorities?

Answer 32

• Watershed municipalities must work together
• Grassroots involvement in local resource management

Question 33

What are some examples of ‘Provincial - Municipal Partnership’ in the case of the Ontario Conservation Authorities?

Answer 33

Cost sharing; top-down technical advice + local knowledge

Question 34

What is the Watershed Management Unit in the case of the Ontario Conservation Authorities?

Answer 34

Political boundaries do not always match those of natural systems, whole systems must be addressed.

Question 35

What did the Conservation Authorities Act do and when was it implemented?

Answer 35

1946: Establish and undertake, in the area over which it has jurisdiction, a program designed to further the conservation, restoration, development, and management of natural resources other than gas, oil, and minerals

Question 36

Who are two significant Utilitarian Conservation Advocates to note?

Answer 36

• Bernard Fernow
• Gifford Pinchot