1.2 - History of Forests: Sustainable Era (4) [Current Era] Flashcards
Define Forest Policy:
A purposeful course of action, or inaction, undertaken by an individual or an organization that is dealing with a concern regarding the use of forest resources
What is an example of a simple Forest Policy?
lock the road gate after you leave.
What is an example of a complex Forest Policy?
Maintain suitable habitat for an endangered species or create opportunities for meaningful Indigenous involvement in SFM
Both content and processes of Forest Policy have slowly become more _______ & _________.
Open & inclusive
How are Forest Policies formally embedded?
Legislation
How are Forest Policies informally embedded?
Through Budgeting Processes.
Forest Policies can have on or more ________.
Targets
What are some types of Forest Policy targets?
- Ecological
- Cultural
- Social
- Economic
Define Forest Management:
The manipulation of the forest to produce different mixes of uses.
What does Forest Management imply?
Intentional Interventions and Multiple values
Define Forestry:
The art, science, and practice of managing forested landscapes to provide a sustained production of a variety of goods and services for society.
Define Management (with respect to natural resource management):
The day-to-day decision-making.
Why is Forest Management undertaken?
To achieve a set of objectives.
What is essential to balance demands of forest management?
Careful management and planning
Define Planning (with respect to natural resource management):
Long-term decision-making processes (Vision).
What was the focus in Forest Planning from 1850 - 1950?
Timber production above all other issues.
What are the 3 types of planning?
- Normative
- Strategic
- Operational
What is Normative Planning?
“What ought to be done”
What is Strategic Planning?
“What can be done?”
What is Operational Planning?
“What will be done?”
Define Information Policy:
the set of all public laws, regulations and policies that encourage, discourage, or regulate the creation, use, storage, access, and communication and dissemination of information
What recognize pre-existing Indigenous rights (tenure), part of Canadian forest policy framework early on?
Early treaties
When did the Information Policy start?
1800s
What type of use of forests for public revenues also established during the 1800s?
Provincial use
What is consistent with liquidation thinking?
Enduring policy of redirecting $ away from forest management
What were basic principles of forest tenure policy & crown ownership adopted by? and when?
Colonial authorities and provincial governments, 1930s
What was a form of early tenure policies?
Timber Cutting Permits
Cutting timber with a defined area of Crown Land uses what kind of approach?
Area-based Approach
What is an Area Approach?
An area, rather than a sector or target group, as a primary entry point
This early policy (Harvesting on public land) at the heart of what long-simmering dispute with the USA?
Softwood Lumber Dispute
Define “Forest Values” or “Values”:
Often used to refer to things that are important to people, typically based on use.
What was the initial Forest Value?
Timber
What was the later Forest Values?
Wildlife, recreation, views and water
What were the much later Forest Values?
Cultural sites, whole ecosystems, biodiversity, and social benefits.
When did Forest Governance see a steady period of government growth as a component of economy?
1900s
When did neoliberal ideology call for a end to “big government”?
1980s.
When did the 2 global recessions occur?
2008 and 2020
What happened in the 2 most recent global recessions?
Walked back progress, without impacted government to governance progress.
What were the two fundamental changes in the “revolution that no one noticed” of Forest Governance?
- Less hierarchical relationship between government and society.
- Increased reliance on third-party and public-private partnerships.
What are two main attributes to less hierarchical relationship between government and society?
- Effectiveness (Capability)
- Legitimacy
Define the Effectiveness of forest governance:
Systems, plans, resources, skills… that enable organizations and the individuals who direct manage them, to effectively deliver on their responsibilities.
Define the Legitimacy of forest governance:
The authority to govern given by democratic law or earned from stakeholders.
What was the second change to occur during the “revolution that no one noticed”?
Increased reliance on third-party and public-private relationships.
What were the three main group involved in increased reliance on third-party and public-private partnerships?
- Environmental groups
- Indigenous peoples
- Community groups
How were Environmental Groups involved in the increased reliance on third-party and public-private partnerships?
Using grassroots activism and campaigns to force industry to improve record.
How were Indigenous peoples involved in the increased reliance on third-party and public-private partnerships?
They challenged ownership of Crown Land.
How were Community Groups involved in the increased reliance on third-party and public-private partnerships?
They demanded decentralization and more control (E.g., commercial and non-commercial interests demand expanded consultation & consensus.
Provide an example of Community Groups:
Forests Ontario (campaign)
Who is Forests Ontario?
Forests Ontario is the leading charity focused on the management and delivery of high-quality tree planting programs, interactive forest education resources and awareness-driven community initiatives dedicated to making our forests greener
What are the three main branches off Forest Policy?
- State
- Civil Society
- Market
Define Crown Forest Tenure:
License holders contribute to Crown revenues through the payment of Royalities, stumpage, and other levies and assume varying degrees of responsibility for forest management
What is AAC?
Allowable Annual Cut
What is TSL?
Timber Sale License
What is “Evergreen” in the tenure context?
Tenure renewal every 5 years, following performance review.
What is the Allowable Cut Effect?
Some provinces allow their tenure holders to increase their allowable annual harvests if they can demonstrate that they have undertaken expenditures on silviculture that increase the growth rates of immature tree stands and thus the entire AAC.
All provinces have one major tenure type that accounts for ___% of their AAC.
60%
Which province has the most tenures accounting for a large amount of AAC?
BC
True or False: Both Ontario and Quebec have 100% of their AAC allotted to area-based tenures
True
True or False: There are no legislative limits to Crown Forest tenure sizes in Canada.
True
What are the 6 size restrictions for Forest Tenure? (MEDTEC)
- Mill Appurtenance
- Exclusiveness
- Duration & Renewability
- Transferability
- Export Restrictions
- Compensation
What are the 4 implications for Forest Tenures?
- Allotment Type
- Allocation of Tenure Rights
- Comprehensiveness
- Size Restrictions
