1.0 - History of Forest: Limited Use Era (1) & Exploitation Era (2)

Question 1

What is the main purpose of Beckleys argument?

Answer 1

Beckley sets out several paradigms and eras of forest – human interactions evolving in response to shifting societal values, demands and knowledge.

Question 2

Forests and forest lands in Canada have always been an ___________ for growth and development.

Answer 2

economic staples

Question 3

What do Forests shape? (4)

Answer 3

1. Cultures
2. Social Organization
3. Politcs
4. Community Form

Question 4

What are the four kinds of forest interactions? (UVIT)

Answer 4

1. Understanding
2. Values
3. Interests
4. Technology

Question 5

“____________ that have evolved around forests offer a context through which Canadian society can be defined” (Robson, 1996)

Answer 5

Community structures

Question 6

What three attributes of forests, towns, and people has government policy impacted?

Answer 6

1. Development
2. Structure
3. Sustainability

Question 7

What are the three main actors interacting with forests?

Answer 7

1. Indigenous Peoples
2. European Colonizers
3. Modern Industrialists

Question 8

What are some ways Indigenous peoples use forests?

Answer 8

Used forests primarily for food, construction materials, clothing, fuel, tools, teaching and ceremony.

Question 9

What are some ways European Colonizers use forests?

Answer 9

Settlers used forests for daily subsistence, but the focus was on agriculture. Agriculture was an important part of the early paradigm.

Question 10

In what way did European Colonizers view forests?

Answer 10

orests were a barrier to development and systemically removed. Farmers need to clear their land of trees to have agriculture plots.

Question 11

What are some ways Modern Industrialists use forests?

Answer 11

Industrialists eventually eclipsed small-scale frontier timber trade (I.e., Square Timber), often linked to development of major industrial and transportation infrastructure.

Question 12

What progression of environmental values did Beckley identify?

Answer 12

From Negative to Utilitarian, to recognizing intrinsic value of ecosystems

Question 13

Why are forest resource policy and practice in Canada & US similar?

Answer 13

• Similar physical contexts
• Similar immigrant populations
• Similar goals and expectations for land use and settlement
• Similar pressures

Question 14

What are the four primary eras? (Dates included)

Answer 14

1. Limited Use / Impact (Pre 1600)
2. Exploitation (1600 - late 1880s)
3. Conservation & Resource Protection (1900 - 1980s)
4. Sustainability (Late 1980s - now)

Question 15

Who was present for the Limited Use / Impact era?

Answer 15

Indigenous peoples, pre-europeans.

Question 16

Provide several characteristics of the Limited Use / Impact era:

Answer 16

• General respect for nature
• Low population
• No land ownership
• Low technological impact
• Low environmental impact
• Used forest for food, shelter, fuel, materials, medicines, etc.

Question 17

Briefly explain the Exploitation era:

Answer 17

Colonization, early settlement, exploitation for commerce & sending resources elsewhere.

Question 18

When did the Exploitation era occur?

Answer 18

~400 years ago (1600 - late 1800)

Question 19

What were some ways the forest was viewed in the Exploitation era?

Answer 19

“Something to be conquered” and “taming the land”

Question 20

What was the hierarchy of priorities in the Exploitation era?

Answer 20

1. Fur
2. Agriculture; then
3. Forests

Question 21

True or False: The Exploitation era included Political, economic, and cultural conflicts over Indigenous Forest land.

Answer 21

True.

Question 22

What era does Indigenous Policy belong to?

Answer 22

Exploitation era

Question 23

What is the Indigenous Policy and when did it occur?

Answer 23

British Administrators created an “Indian Department” (1755)

Question 24

Why was the Indian Department created?

Answer 24

1. For military support; and
2. To address colonial abuses against their First Nation allies and their lands along the colonial frontier.

Question 25

When did the Royal Proclamation and Treaty of Paris get introduced?

Answer 25

1763

Question 26

What happened when the Royal Proclamation and Treaty of Paris was introduced?

Answer 26

Britain became the main power.
1. More control
2. Establish boundaries to colonize indigenous lands.
3. Trade control

Question 27

What was a key component of the Royal Proclamation and Treaty of Paris?

Answer 27

That aboriginal title has existed and continues to exist and that all land would be considered Indigenous land until ceded by treaty.

Question 28

What were the guidelines set out by the Royal Proclamation?

Answer 28

1. Control relationships with First Nations
2. Control Settlement
3. First Public recognition of Indigenous rights to lands and titles
4. Set stage for establishing treaties.

Question 29

What do the guidelines of the Royal Proclamation intend to control?

Answer 29

European settlement of Indigenous Territories

Question 30

When was the Treaty of Versailles?

Answer 30

1783

Question 31

What did the 1783 Treaty of Versailles do?

Answer 31

1. Ends American War of Independence, British recognize USA, and
2. Increasing pressure on Indigenous people & their land

Question 32

What were the main goals of the Indian Department?

Answer 32

Military and Commercial

Question 33

When did the Indian Administrator transfer to civilian control?

Answer 33

1830

Question 34

When did some of the earlier forest policies occur?

Answer 34

Pre 1827

Question 35

What did some of the earliest “Forest Policies” (pre 1827) do?

Answer 35

Very little to expand forest industry or forest practices

Question 36

In _____, Peter Robinson brought forth better management of crown lands and administer licenses.

Answer 36

1827

Question 37

When did concern for landscape changes begin to occur?

Answer 37

1830

Question 38

Why did concern for landscape occur in 1830?

Answer 38

From widespread forest clearance and water availability.

Question 39

In the _____, the federal government turned over control of public forests to the provincial government.

Answer 39

1930s

Question 40

Why do the US and Canada have similar forest policy and management?

Answer 40

Because their history shared a similar trajectory.

Question 41

Why did the US develop their forest policy and management before Canada?

Answer 41

Because of heightened pressures (Increasing population, industrialization, etc.)