1.0 - History of Forest: Limited Use Era (1) & Exploitation Era (2) Flashcards
What is the main purpose of Beckleys argument?
Beckley sets out several paradigms and eras of forest – human interactions evolving in response to shifting societal values, demands and knowledge.
Forests and forest lands in Canada have always been an ___________ for growth and development.
economic staples
What do Forests shape? (4)
- Cultures
- Social Organization
- Politcs
- Community Form
What are the four kinds of forest interactions? (UVIT)
- Understanding
- Values
- Interests
- Technology
“____________ that have evolved around forests offer a context through which Canadian society can be defined” (Robson, 1996)
Community structures
What three attributes of forests, towns, and people has government policy impacted?
- Development
- Structure
- Sustainability
What are the three main actors interacting with forests?
- Indigenous Peoples
- European Colonizers
- Modern Industrialists
What are some ways Indigenous peoples use forests?
Used forests primarily for food, construction materials, clothing, fuel, tools, teaching and ceremony.
What are some ways European Colonizers use forests?
Settlers used forests for daily subsistence, but the focus was on agriculture. Agriculture was an important part of the early paradigm.
In what way did European Colonizers view forests?
orests were a barrier to development and systemically removed. Farmers need to clear their land of trees to have agriculture plots.
What are some ways Modern Industrialists use forests?
Industrialists eventually eclipsed small-scale frontier timber trade (I.e., Square Timber), often linked to development of major industrial and transportation infrastructure.
What progression of environmental values did Beckley identify?
From Negative to Utilitarian, to recognizing intrinsic value of ecosystems
Why are forest resource policy and practice in Canada & US similar?
- Similar physical contexts
- Similar immigrant populations
- Similar goals and expectations for land use and settlement
- Similar pressures
What are the four primary eras? (Dates included)
- Limited Use / Impact (Pre 1600)
- Exploitation (1600 - late 1880s)
- Conservation & Resource Protection (1900 - 1980s)
- Sustainability (Late 1980s - now)
Who was present for the Limited Use / Impact era?
Indigenous peoples, pre-europeans.
Provide several characteristics of the Limited Use / Impact era:
- General respect for nature
- Low population
- No land ownership
- Low technological impact
- Low environmental impact
- Used forest for food, shelter, fuel, materials, medicines, etc.
Briefly explain the Exploitation era:
Colonization, early settlement, exploitation for commerce & sending resources elsewhere.
When did the Exploitation era occur?
~400 years ago (1600 - late 1800)
What were some ways the forest was viewed in the Exploitation era?
“Something to be conquered” and “taming the land”
What was the hierarchy of priorities in the Exploitation era?
- Fur
- Agriculture; then
- Forests
True or False: The Exploitation era included Political, economic, and cultural conflicts over Indigenous Forest land.
True.
What era does Indigenous Policy belong to?
Exploitation era
What is the Indigenous Policy and when did it occur?
British Administrators created an “Indian Department” (1755)
Why was the Indian Department created?
- For military support; and
- To address colonial abuses against their First Nation allies and their lands along the colonial frontier.
When did the Royal Proclamation and Treaty of Paris get introduced?
1763
What happened when the Royal Proclamation and Treaty of Paris was introduced?
Britain became the main power.
1. More control
2. Establish boundaries to colonize indigenous lands.
3. Trade control
What was a key component of the Royal Proclamation and Treaty of Paris?
That aboriginal title has existed and continues to exist and that all land would be considered Indigenous land until ceded by treaty.
What were the guidelines set out by the Royal Proclamation?
- Control relationships with First Nations
- Control Settlement
- First Public recognition of Indigenous rights to lands and titles
- Set stage for establishing treaties.
What do the guidelines of the Royal Proclamation intend to control?
European settlement of Indigenous Territories
When was the Treaty of Versailles?
1783
What did the 1783 Treaty of Versailles do?
- Ends American War of Independence, British recognize USA, and
- Increasing pressure on Indigenous people & their land
What were the main goals of the Indian Department?
Military and Commercial
When did the Indian Administrator transfer to civilian control?
1830
When did some of the earlier forest policies occur?
Pre 1827
What did some of the earliest “Forest Policies” (pre 1827) do?
Very little to expand forest industry or forest practices
In _____, Peter Robinson brought forth better management of crown lands and administer licenses.
1827
When did concern for landscape changes begin to occur?
1830
Why did concern for landscape occur in 1830?
From widespread forest clearance and water availability.
In the _____, the federal government turned over control of public forests to the provincial government.
1930s
Why do the US and Canada have similar forest policy and management?
Because their history shared a similar trajectory.
Why did the US develop their forest policy and management before Canada?
Because of heightened pressures (Increasing population, industrialization, etc.)
