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HIT 140 > 9. Blood & Lymphatic Systems > Flashcards

9. Blood & Lymphatic Systems Flashcards

0
Q

4 functions of blood

A
  1. transports materials (oxygen/nutrients) and removes waste
  2. regulates pH (blood is pH balanced)
  3. prevents excessive blood loss (platelets)
  4. fight infection (white blood cells)
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1
Q

Blood

A

made up of blood cells and platelets (formed elements) suspended in plasma (liquid portion)

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2
Q

Viscosity

A
  • thickness of fluid compared to water
  • blood is thicker than water
  • blood is 5x thicker than water
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3
Q

Blood cells formed in?

A

red bone marrow at ends of long bone

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4
Q

Hematology

A

scientific study of blood and blood-forming tissue

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5
Q

Hematologist

A

specialist in study of hematology

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6
Q

Hematopoesis

A

red bone marrow makes red blood cells

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7
Q

3 main types of blood cells

A
  1. red blood cells / erythrocytes
  2. white blood cells / leukocytes
  3. platelets / thrombocytes
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8
Q

Red blood cells are called what?

A

erythrocytes

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9
Q

White blood cells are called what?

A

leukocytes

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10
Q

Platelets are also called what?

A

thromobcytes

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11
Q

Red blood cells / erythrocytes

A
  • tiny, bioncave disk (thinner center / concave on both sides)
  • no nuclei
  • average life span is 120 days
  • contain hemoglobin
  • bright red color
  • primary function is to transport oxygen to cells of the body
  • all RBC look the same
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12
Q

Average life span of RBC/erythrocytes?

A

120 days

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13
Q

Hemoglobin

A
  • complex protein-iron compund
  • heme (iron) and globin (protein)
  • transports oxygen and helps get rid of CO2
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14
Q

5 types of white blood cells

A
  1. neutrophils
  2. eosinphils
  3. basophils
  4. lympocytes
  5. monocytes
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15
Q

WBC/leukocyte characteristics

A
  • colorless
  • different sizes and different nuclei
  • larger than erythrocytes but fewer in number
  • has nuclei
  • no hemoglobin
  • have to be stained to distinguish between the types
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16
Q

3 ways to tell leukocytes apart

A
  1. shape of their nucleus
  2. presence or absence of granules and cytoplasm
  3. size of the cell
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17
Q

2 categories of WBC?

A
  1. granulocytes (granules in cytoplasm)

2. agranulocytes (no granules in cytoplasm)

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18
Q

Granulocytes

A
  • neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

* have granules in their cytoplasm that absorb various dyes

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19
Q

3 granulocytes

A
  1. neutrophils
  2. eosinophils
  3. basophils
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20
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • WBC/leukocyte granulocyte
  • most abundant leukocyte (60-70% of WBC)
  • lavender-staining granules in cytoplasm
  • first to respond to tissue damage
  • phagocytosis - engulf bacteria and debris
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21
Q

Eosinophils

A
  • WBC granulocyte
  • bilobed nucleus (2 lobes)
  • red-staining granules in cytoplasm
  • destroy parasitic worms
  • 2-4% of all WBC
  • increase in number during an allergic reaction and parasitic worm infestation
  • reduce inflammation by neutralizing histamine
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22
Q

Basophils

A
  • WBC granulocyte
  • anti-clotting
  • least numbered (less than 1% of WBC)
  • U-Shaped nucleus (2 lobes)
  • blue-staining granules in cytoplasm
  • release histamine and heparin when tissues are damaged or in allergic reaction
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23
Q

How do eosinophils and basophils work together?

A
  • basophils release histamine, eosinophils east up excess histamine
  • basophils release histamine and cause inflammation so all WBC and come to area and remove debris; then eosinophils remove excess histamine to reduce swelling
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24
Q

Histamine

A
  • dialates blood vessels
  • causes swelling to area
  • released during an allergic reaction
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25
Q

Heparin

A
  • inhibits clot formation
  • natural anticougulant
  • prevents clotting
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26
Q

Agranulocytes

A
  • monoctyes and lymphocytes
  • no granules in cytoplasm
  • do not stain a dark color
  • large nucleus - not multilobed
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27
Q

2 agranuloctyes

A
  1. lymphoctyes

2. monocytes

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28
Q

Lyphocytes

A
  • WBC agruanulocytes
  • no granules
  • smallest white blood cell
  • 20-25% of all WBC
  • round nucleus with very little cytoplasm
  • nucleus takes up most space in cell
  • found in lymph tissues (lymph nodes)
  • Play important part in immune system (T and B cells)
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29
Q

T cells

A
  • lympocyte
  • phagocytic and attack bacteria and viruses
  • gets rid of all bacteria and viruses in the body
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30
Q

B cells

A
  • lympocyte
  • produce antibodies
  • destroy bacteria
  • come in contact with virus –> produce antibodies –> remember virus and destroy it when they meet again
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31
Q

Monoctyes

A
  • WBC agranulocyte
  • largest WBC
  • 3-8% of all WBC
  • no granules
  • kidney-bean shaped nucleus
  • active role in phagocytosis
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32
Q

Platelets/Thrombocytes

A
  • small, disk-shaped fragments of very large cells called megakaryoctye
  • no hemoglobin
  • essential for normal clotting of blood
  • need so we don’t bleed out / hemorrage
  • average platelet count ranges from 250,000 to 500,000 milliliters of blood
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33
Q

Megakaryoctye

A

Extremely large bone marrow cell

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34
Q

Coagulation

A
  • clotting of blood

* process of turning liquid into a solid (ex. blood)

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35
Q

Plasma

A
  • straw-colored fluid portion of blood
  • produced in liver
  • where leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets are suspended
  • over 90% water, the rest is solutes (RBC, WBC, platelets)
  • plasma proteins = most abundant solutes
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36
Q

Most abundant solutes?

A

plasma proteins

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37
Q

3 major groups of plasma proteins?

A
  1. Albumin
  2. Globulins
  3. Fibrogen
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38
Q

Albumin

A
  • plasma protein

* maintains normal blood pressure and blood volume

39
Q

Globulins

A
  • plasma protein

* alpha, beta, gamma

40
Q

Fibrinogen

A
  • plasma protein
  • vital role in coagulation process (fibrin = fibers)
  • help clot blood
41
Q

How are blood types determined?

A

by presence or absence of antigens on membranes of RBSs

42
Q

Antigen

A
  • protein that causes formation of an antibody

* a substance, usually a protein, that causes the formation of an antibody and reacts specifically with that antibody

43
Q

Andibodies

A
  • produced in response to pathogens
  • substances produced by body in response to bacteria, viruses, or other foreign matter
  • each class named for its reaction
44
Q

Blood types

A
  • A (42% of population)
  • B (10% of population)
  • AB ( 3% of population)
  • O (45% of population)
45
Q

Transfusions

A
  • must be made using only compatible blood or type O (universal donor)
  • transfused RBC must not have an antigen that reacts with the antibodies of the recipients blood
46
Q

What happens if wrong blood is transfused?

A
  • the introduced antigen will be recognized as foreign and will be attacked by antibodies
  • RBCs become clumped together and plug small blood vessels, depriving tissues of nutrients and oxygen, which can be fatal
  • people can die from getting the wrong blood transfusion
47
Q

Hemostasis

A

stoppage of bleeding

48
Q

3 hemostasis processes

A
  1. vascular spasm
  2. platelet plug formation
  3. blood clotting
49
Q

Multiple myeloma

A
  • malignant plasma cell neoplasm
  • too many plasma cells that replace bone marrow and destroy the bone and skeletal structure
  • bones grow so fragile, slightest movement can result in a fracture
50
Q

Rh factor

A
  • antigen named Rh because first studied in rhesus monkeys
  • people with Rh factor present on RBC = Rh+
  • no Rh factor present on RBC = Rh-
  • If Rh- person receives Rh+ blood it will cause a transfusion reaction
51
Q

Anisocytosis

A
  • Red blood cell size variation

* normally RBC are same size

52
Q

Bilirubin

A

Orange-yellow pigment of bile formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin in RBC after their death

53
Q

Septicemia

A
  • systemic infection
  • pathogens in blood travel all over body
  • spread from infection, through blood stream, to all parts of body
54
Q

Hemorrhage

A
  • loss of large amount of blood in a short period of time
  • either internally or externally
  • may be arterial, venous, or capillary
55
Q

Poikilocytosis

A
  • RBCs shaped variation
  • variation in red blood cell shapes
  • usually RBC are all the same shape
56
Q

Thrombus

A

a clot

57
Q

Pancytopenia

A

reduction in ALL types of blood cells and platelets

58
Q

Anemia

A
  • decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
  • most common blood disorder
  • decrease in hemoglobin in blood
  • deficiency in oxygen being carried to lungs
  • symptoms: fatigue, paleness, headache, fainting, tingling, loss of appetite, difficulty breathing
59
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A
  • abnormal RBCs
  • erythrocytes are crescent shaped (sickle shaped) due to low oxygen
  • inhereted; mostly in those of African descent
  • crescent-shaped RBCs get stuck and cause pain in extremities (hands, feet, and abdominal cavity)
  • These elongated, crescent-shaped RBCs clump, forming clots which block small vessels = pain
60
Q

Leukemia

A
  • group of cancers of the red bone marrow cells that form white blood cells
  • there is an excess production of WBCs
  • leads to infection, anemai, and decreased number of platelets
  • treatment = chemotherapy and bone marrow transplant from a compatible donor
61
Q

Polycythemia Vera

A
  • abnormal increase in RBC, granulocytes, and thrombocytes
  • blood becomes thick and viscous
  • high number of RBCs
  • cause is unknown
62
Q

Coomb’s Test

A
  • blood test on Rh- women to detect the presence of antibodies for Rh incompatibility
  • concern if Rh- mother gives birth to a Rh+ baby and bloods mix during birth or miscarriage. Mother’s body will develop anti-Rh antibodies that will cause problems with future pregnancies. If woman becomes pregnant with another Rh+ baby, antibodies will destroy the fetus seeing it as foreign
  • Rh- mothers given injection of RhoGam after birth of each Rh+ baby to stop body from producing antibodies
63
Q

Hematocrit (Hct) test

A
  • testing of the % of RBCs

* assessment of RBC % in total blood volume

64
Q

Hemoglobin (Hgb) test

A

• tests oygen-carrying capacity of blood
part of CBC (complete blood count)
• concentration measurement of hemoglobin in peripheral blood
• hemoglobin levels provide info about the body’s ability to supply tissues with oxygen

65
Q

H & H

A

the hematocrit and hemoglobin tests, collectively

66
Q

What does the immune system consist of?

A
  • bone marrow
  • lymph nodes
  • lymphoid tissues
  • lymphatic vessels
  • spleen
  • thymus
67
Q

2 important functions of lymphatic system?

A
  1. produce antibodies and lymphocytes important to immunity

2. maintain a balance of fluid in the internal environment

68
Q

Immunity

A

state of being resistant to, or protected from a disease

69
Q

Lymph Nodes

A
  • collection of lymphatic tissue
  • found throughout body
  • phagocytosis takes place here
  • 4 types: cervical, submandibular, axillary, and inguinal
70
Q

4 types/locations of lymph nodes

A
  1. cervical (neck)
  2. submandibular (under mandible)
  3. axillary (arm pits)
  4. inguinal (groin)
71
Q

Immunology

A

study of the reaction of tissues of the immune system of the body to antigenic stimulation

72
Q

Immunologist

A

specialist in immunology

73
Q

Thymus / Endocrine gland

A
  • located near mediastinum ( near middle of chest, under sternum)
  • secretes thymosin hormone which stimulates red bone marrow to produce T cells
  • larger in childhood, decreases in size in adults
74
Q

Thymosin

A
  • hormone found in thymus

* stimulates red bone marrow cells to produce T cells

75
Q

Spleen

A
  • located in LUQ (below diapraghm, behind stomach)
  • largest lymphatic organ
  • filters blood, stores, blood and produces lymphoctyes
  • macrophges of spleen remove pathogens from blood
  • contain venous sinuses that serve as a storage reservoir for blood
  • in emergenices, can release blood back into general circulation
  • spleen can be removed, liver and other lymphatic tissues can carry out functions
76
Q

Splenectomy

A

surgical removal of spleen

77
Q

Tonsils

A
  • first line of defense against pathogens entering the nose or mouth
  • protective ring of lymphatic tissues
  • under mucous membrane, surrounding mouth and back of throat
  • removal = tonsillectomy
78
Q

Lymphoma

A
  • lymphoid tissue neoplasm (abnormal tissue)
  • typically malignant
  • starts with painless enlarged nodes and progresses to anemia, weakness, fever, and weight loss
79
Q

Burkitt’s lymphoma

A
  • malignant neoplasm in the jaw
  • seen mainly in Central Africa
  • radiation therapy cures it
80
Q

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A
  • progressive and painless
  • enlargement of a malignant tumor
  • first noted in cervical (neck) region
  • males affected twice as often as females
  • chemotheraphy and/or radiation
81
Q

Mononucleosis

A
  • caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EPV)
  • “mono”, “kissing disease”
  • benign, acute infection of the B cells
  • lasts 1-3 weeks
  • causes splenomegaly (enlargement of spleen)
  • symptoms = lethargy, fatigue, fever, chills
  • takes a few months to get rid of symptoms
82
Q

Splenomegaly

A

Increased enlargement of the spleen

83
Q

CBC

A

complete blood count

84
Q

eos

A

eosinophils

85
Q

Hgb

A

hemoglobin

86
Q

Hct

A

hematocrit

87
Q

HDL

A

high-density lipoprotein (good cholesterol)

88
Q

LDL

A

low-density lipoprotein (bad cholesterol)

89
Q

lymph (abbrev)

A

lymphoctye

90
Q

mono (abbrev)

A

monocyte

91
Q

PT

A
  • prothromin time

* how fast blood clots

92
Q

PTT

A

partial thromboplastin time

93
Q

segs (abbrev)

A

segmented neutrophils

94
Q

CMV

A

cytomegalovirus

95
Q

EBV

A

Epstein-Barr virus

96
Q

segs/polys/bands

A
  • segs and polys = neutrophils

* bands = immature neutrophils (nucleus not lobed yet, looks like a band)

HIT 140 (12 decks)

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