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HIT 140 > 5. Skeletal System > Flashcards

5. Skeletal System Flashcards

0
Q

Five functions of the skeletal system?

A
  1. Support the body
  2. Protect vital organs
  3. Points of attachment (for muscles, ligaments, tendons)
  4. Store minerals (calcium & phosphorus)
  5. Red marrow makes blood cells
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1
Q

How many bones are in the body?

A

206

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2
Q

Ligaments

A

bone to bone attachment

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3
Q

Tendons

A

muscle to bone attachment

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4
Q

What minerals do the skeletal system store?

A

calcium and phosphorus

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5
Q

hematopoiesis

A

red marrow makes blood cells

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6
Q

How are bones classified?

A

according to shape

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7
Q

what are the five shapes of bones?

A
  1. long (femur)
  2. short (wrist)
  3. flat (shoulder blade)
  4. irregular (vertebrae)
  5. sesamoid (patella)
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8
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft of a long bone

yellow marrow is found here

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9
Q

epiphysis

A

end of a long bone

red bone marrow is found here

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10
Q

epiphyseal line/plate

A

cartilage separating the diaphysis from epiphysis
new growth takes place here
found in children still growing
bone grows in length

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11
Q

periosteum

A

thick, white, fibrous membrane that covers diaphysis shaft

does not cover joints

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12
Q

anticular cartilage

A

aka hyaline cartilage
covers epiphysis and surface of joins (end of long bone)
provides protection at end of long bone where joints are

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13
Q

medullary cavity

A

contains yellow marrow (fat cells, blood cells)

center portion of shaft

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14
Q

red bone marrow

A

located in epiphyses and flat bones

blood cells are produced here

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15
Q

ossification

A

bone formation

bone is constantly being replaced and remodeled

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16
Q

osteoblasts

A

immature bone cells
build bone
bone constantly being built by osteblasts

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17
Q

osteoclasts

A

large cells that digest or absorb old bone tissue
break down bone tissue
constantly crushing/breaking bone

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18
Q

how is bone remodeled?

A

osteoblasts and osteoclasts are constantly working together to remodel bone

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19
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells

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20
Q

bone markings

A

points for muscle or tendon to attach to bone

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21
Q

trochanter

A

bone marking
large bony process below the neck of the femur
point for muscle attachment

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22
Q

tuberosity

A

bone marking
elevated, broad, rounded process on bone
point for muscle or tendon attachment

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23
Q

condyle

A

bone marking
knuckle-like projection
back of knee
allow for articular movement of joint

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24
Q

medial condyle

A

bone marking

knuckle-like project at back of knee, toward midline of body

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25
Q

lateral condyle

A

bone marking

knuckle-like projection at back of knee toward outside of body

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26
Q

fontanel

A
  • space between the bones of infants cranium covered by tough membrane (soft spot)
  • allow bones of skull to overlap during birth
  • allows for movement and growth of skull
  • becomes suture in adult
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27
Q

suture

A

joint between two bones that does not permit any movement
immovable joint
ex. those in the cranium

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28
Q

only moveable bone of the skull

A

mandible (jaw bone)

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29
Q

mandible

A

lower jaw bone
largest, strongest bone of the face
only moveable bone of the skull

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30
Q

concha

A 
aka turbinates
bones in nasal cavity
scroll-like shape
inflamed during allergic reaction
sometimes polyps occur
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31
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

aka articular cartilage
covers epiphysis/surface of joints (end of long bone)
protection of ends of long bone where joints are
covering joints

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32
Q

turbinates

A 
aka concha
bones in nasal cavity
scroll-like
inflamed during allergic reaction
sometimes polyps occur
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33
Q

hyoid bone

A

below mandible
above larynx
suspended by ligaments

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34
Q

vertebral bones

A

24 vertebral bones, sacrum, and coccyx

7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar

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35
Q

C7

A

cervical vertebrae
vertebrae of neck
projects the farthest out
used as a common point on xrays

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36
Q

what is the function of the vertebral column

A

allow good range of motion
support body
points for muscle attachment

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37
Q

intervertebral disks

A

shock absorbers of the spinal column
pieces of cartilage between each vertebrae
flat, circular, plate-like structure of cartilage that serves as a cushion/shock absorber between the vertebrae

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38
Q

foramen

A

hole in the bone where blood vessels and nerves pass
located all over skeleton
ex. foramen magnum, sacrum

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39
Q

foramen mangum

A

large foramen hole at the base of skull in occipital bone

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40
Q

thorax

A

found in thoracic cavity
contain ribcage and sternum
cartilage in ribs allow for movement

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41
Q

thoracic cavity

A

protects the vital organs of the heart and lungs
sternum also point of attachment for ribs
manubrium, at top of sternum, sternum, xiphoid process

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42
Q

bones of sternum

A

manubrium
sternum
xiphoid process

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43
Q

malleolus

A

distal end of tibia (make up ankle)
outer portion = lateral malleolus, little protrusion
medial malleolus toward inside (the two medial malleolus on ankles face each other inward)

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44
Q

meniscus

A

crescent shaped cartilage found in knee
lateral on fibula side, medial on tibia side
ACL - anterior lateral ligament; sports injuries

45
Q

femur

A

thigh bone

largest bone in body

46
Q

phalanges

A

bones of fingers and toes

47
Q

carpals

A

bones of the wrist

2 rows with 4 bones each (total of 8)

48
Q

metacarpals

A

bones of the hand

49
Q

ulna

A

forearm
second of the two lower arm bones that joins the humerus above and the wrist below
on the medial, or little finger (pinky) side of the arm

50
Q

humerus

A

upper arm bone

joins the scapula above and the ulna and radius below

51
Q

radius

A

forearm
bigger of the two lower arm bones
joins the humerus above and the wrist bones below
on the lateral, thumb, side

52
Q

scapula

A

shoulder blade

53
Q

sternum

A

breastbone

flat, elongated bone that forms the midline portion of the front of the thorax

54
Q

xiphoid process

A

lower portion of sternum

55
Q

manubrium

A

broad upper end of sternum

56
Q

clavical

A

collarbone

57
Q

olecranon process

A

elbow

58
Q

tibia

A

shin bone
biggest and strongest bone in lower leg
side of biggest toe

59
Q

patella

A

knee cap
largest sesamoid bone in body
covers and protects the knee joint (point of connection between femur and tibia)

60
Q

fibula

A

outer bone in lower leg
more slender bone
not weight bearing
fib = little lie; fibula = little bone

61
Q

tarsals

A

ankle bones

7 bones

62
Q

metatarsals

A

bones of the foot

arch of foot

63
Q

pelvis

A

bony structure formed by hip bones

includes: acetabulum, coccyx, iliac crest, ischium, sacrum, sacroiliac joint, symphysis pubis

64
Q

sacroiliac joint

A

between sacrum and iliac crest

65
Q

iliac crest

A

top portion of pelvic bone

upper curved edge of the ilium

66
Q

ilium

A

largest of three hip bones

surrounds sacrum

67
Q

coccyx

A

tailbone

68
Q

acetabulum

A

socket for ball of femur

hip joing

69
Q

ischium

A

bottom bone / sit on this bone
lowest part of hip bones
strongest of the pelvic bone

70
Q

symphysis pubis

A

cartilage between pubic bone
allows for movement of hips to get wider when pregnant
cartilage joint between the two pubic bones

71
Q

9 upper extremity bones

A
  1. carpals (wrist)
  2. clavicle
  3. humerus (upper arm)
  4. metacarpals (hands)
  5. olecranon process (elbow)
  6. phalanges (fingers)
  7. radius (forearm)
  8. scapula (shoulder blades)
  9. ulna (forearm)
72
Q

7 bones of pelvis

A
  1. acetabulum
  2. coccyx
  3. ischium
  4. iliac crest
  5. sacrum
  6. sacroiliac joint
  7. symphysis pubis
73
Q

7 lower extremity bones

A
  1. femur (thigh bone)
  2. fibula (lower leg)
  3. metatarsals (arch of foot)
  4. patella (kneecap)
  5. phalanges (toes)
  6. tarsals (ankle)
  7. tibia (shin)
    6.
74
Q

ossification

A

formation of bone

75
Q

osteoporosis

A

porous bones due to loss of bone density

lots of holes, holy

76
Q

osteomyelitis

A

bacterial infection
s[read to bone from blood, injury, or surgery
infection of bone

77
Q

ostomalacia

A 
disease of the bones
calcium and phosphorus deficiency
causes fractures and deformities
rickets in kids
we make vitamin D going in sun; people who lack vitamin D can get this (vitamin D deficiency also equals depression)
78
Q

kyphosis

A

humpback
abnormal outward curve of the thoracic spine
usually in elderly people

79
Q

lordosis

A

swayback
abnormal inward curve of the lumbar spine
belly and back stick out far

80
Q

scoliosis

A

abnormal lateral (sideway) curve of spine
ex. one shoulder or hip higher than the other
curve may be to left (levoscoliosis) or right (dextroscoliosis)
genetic disorder (traced to family in England)

81
Q

levoscoliosis

A

scoliosis that curves to the LEFT side of the body

82
Q

dextroscoliosis

A

scoliosis that curves to the RIGHT side of the body

83
Q

spinal stenosis

A

narrowing of spinal cord canal

pain and back problems due to narrow canal pushing on spinal nerve

84
Q

compound / open fracture

A

bone breaks through skin

85
Q

closed fracture

A

simple fracture

bone did not break through skin

86
Q

comminuted fracture

A

splinters or crushes a segment of bone

bone breaks into little pieces

87
Q

greenstick fracture

A

breaks on one side, bent on the other
incomplete fracture, does not go all the way through bone
one side of the bone is broken, one side of the bone is bent

88
Q

compression fracture

A

bones forced against each other
ex. spine and vertebrae
common in osteoporosis

89
Q

complete fracture

A

break that goes through entire thickness of bone

90
Q

impacted fracture

A

direct force causes broken end of smaller bone into broken end of larger bone
(happens in the hip - femur forced into acetabulum

91
Q

Colles’ fracture

A

at the lower end of the radius within 1 inch of wrist
most common fracture
people fall down and put hands down to break fall

92
Q

hairline / stress fracture

A

minor fracture
bones stay in alignment
appears on xray as hairline

93
Q

bone scan

A

dye is injected through an IV
detects the spread of cancer, osteomyelitis, and destructive changes to bone
look for dark areas of change/abnormalities on xray

94
Q

bone marrow aspiration

A

bone marrow withdrawn to examine under a microscope
match bone marrow to another person for transplant
large needle (aspiration needle) at iliad crest

95
Q

DEXA scan

A 
measures BMD (bone mineral density)
scoring, normal bone = 0
negatives = osteoporesis, ostepenia, 
noninvasive
96
Q

C1-C7

A

cervical vertebrae

97
Q

T1-T12

A

thoracic vertebrae 1-12

98
Q

L1-L5

A

lumbar vertebrae

99
Q

fx

A

fracture

100
Q

ORIF

A

Open Reduction Internal Fixation

surgery - open fracture and stabilize fracture with pins, screws, and plates

101
Q

DIP

A

Distal Interphalangeal Joint
on finger, right under fingertips
furthest joint from body (distal)

102
Q

THR

A

Total Hip Replacement

103
Q

TKR

A

Total Knee Replacement

104
Q

TMJ

A

Temporomandibular Joint

temporal bone behind ear and mandible

105
Q

bone processes

A

projections or outgrowths of bone

106
Q

long bones

A

bones that are longer than they are wide with distinctive shaped ends
ex. femur

107
Q

flat bones

A

bones that are broad and thin with flat or curved surfaces

ex. sternum, scapula

108
Q

short bones

A

bones that are about as long as they are wide and somewhat box-shaped
ex. wrist bone, carpal bone

109
Q

irregular bones

A

bone in various sizes and shapes
often clustered in groups
ex. bones of the spinal column (vertebrae) and face

110
Q

sesamoid bones

A

unique, irregular bones embedded in the substance of tendons and usually located around a joint
ex. patella/kneecap

HIT 140 (12 decks)

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