5. Skeletal System Flashcards
Five functions of the skeletal system?
- Support the body
- Protect vital organs
- Points of attachment (for muscles, ligaments, tendons)
- Store minerals (calcium & phosphorus)
- Red marrow makes blood cells
How many bones are in the body?
206
Ligaments
bone to bone attachment
Tendons
muscle to bone attachment
What minerals do the skeletal system store?
calcium and phosphorus
hematopoiesis
red marrow makes blood cells
How are bones classified?
according to shape
what are the five shapes of bones?
- long (femur)
- short (wrist)
- flat (shoulder blade)
- irregular (vertebrae)
- sesamoid (patella)
diaphysis
shaft of a long bone
yellow marrow is found here
epiphysis
end of a long bone
red bone marrow is found here
epiphyseal line/plate
cartilage separating the diaphysis from epiphysis
new growth takes place here
found in children still growing
bone grows in length
periosteum
thick, white, fibrous membrane that covers diaphysis shaft
does not cover joints
anticular cartilage
aka hyaline cartilage
covers epiphysis and surface of joins (end of long bone)
provides protection at end of long bone where joints are
medullary cavity
contains yellow marrow (fat cells, blood cells)
center portion of shaft
red bone marrow
located in epiphyses and flat bones
blood cells are produced here
ossification
bone formation
bone is constantly being replaced and remodeled
osteoblasts
immature bone cells
build bone
bone constantly being built by osteblasts
osteoclasts
large cells that digest or absorb old bone tissue
break down bone tissue
constantly crushing/breaking bone
how is bone remodeled?
osteoblasts and osteoclasts are constantly working together to remodel bone
osteocytes
mature bone cells
bone markings
points for muscle or tendon to attach to bone
trochanter
bone marking
large bony process below the neck of the femur
point for muscle attachment
tuberosity
bone marking
elevated, broad, rounded process on bone
point for muscle or tendon attachment
condyle
bone marking
knuckle-like projection
back of knee
allow for articular movement of joint
medial condyle
bone marking
knuckle-like project at back of knee, toward midline of body
lateral condyle
bone marking
knuckle-like projection at back of knee toward outside of body
fontanel
- space between the bones of infants cranium covered by tough membrane (soft spot)
- allow bones of skull to overlap during birth
- allows for movement and growth of skull
- becomes suture in adult
suture
joint between two bones that does not permit any movement
immovable joint
ex. those in the cranium
only moveable bone of the skull
mandible (jaw bone)
mandible
lower jaw bone
largest, strongest bone of the face
only moveable bone of the skull
concha
aka turbinates bones in nasal cavity scroll-like shape inflamed during allergic reaction sometimes polyps occur
hyaline cartilage
aka articular cartilage
covers epiphysis/surface of joints (end of long bone)
protection of ends of long bone where joints are
covering joints
turbinates
aka concha bones in nasal cavity scroll-like inflamed during allergic reaction sometimes polyps occur
hyoid bone
below mandible
above larynx
suspended by ligaments
vertebral bones
24 vertebral bones, sacrum, and coccyx
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar
C7
cervical vertebrae
vertebrae of neck
projects the farthest out
used as a common point on xrays
what is the function of the vertebral column
allow good range of motion
support body
points for muscle attachment
intervertebral disks
shock absorbers of the spinal column
pieces of cartilage between each vertebrae
flat, circular, plate-like structure of cartilage that serves as a cushion/shock absorber between the vertebrae
foramen
hole in the bone where blood vessels and nerves pass
located all over skeleton
ex. foramen magnum, sacrum
foramen mangum
large foramen hole at the base of skull in occipital bone
thorax
found in thoracic cavity
contain ribcage and sternum
cartilage in ribs allow for movement
thoracic cavity
protects the vital organs of the heart and lungs
sternum also point of attachment for ribs
manubrium, at top of sternum, sternum, xiphoid process
bones of sternum
manubrium
sternum
xiphoid process
malleolus
distal end of tibia (make up ankle)
outer portion = lateral malleolus, little protrusion
medial malleolus toward inside (the two medial malleolus on ankles face each other inward)
meniscus
crescent shaped cartilage found in knee
lateral on fibula side, medial on tibia side
ACL - anterior lateral ligament; sports injuries
femur
thigh bone
largest bone in body
phalanges
bones of fingers and toes
carpals
bones of the wrist
2 rows with 4 bones each (total of 8)
metacarpals
bones of the hand
ulna
forearm
second of the two lower arm bones that joins the humerus above and the wrist below
on the medial, or little finger (pinky) side of the arm
humerus
upper arm bone
joins the scapula above and the ulna and radius below
radius
forearm
bigger of the two lower arm bones
joins the humerus above and the wrist bones below
on the lateral, thumb, side
scapula
shoulder blade
sternum
breastbone
flat, elongated bone that forms the midline portion of the front of the thorax
xiphoid process
lower portion of sternum
manubrium
broad upper end of sternum
clavical
collarbone
olecranon process
elbow
tibia
shin bone
biggest and strongest bone in lower leg
side of biggest toe
patella
knee cap
largest sesamoid bone in body
covers and protects the knee joint (point of connection between femur and tibia)
fibula
outer bone in lower leg
more slender bone
not weight bearing
fib = little lie; fibula = little bone
tarsals
ankle bones
7 bones
metatarsals
bones of the foot
arch of foot
pelvis
bony structure formed by hip bones
includes: acetabulum, coccyx, iliac crest, ischium, sacrum, sacroiliac joint, symphysis pubis
sacroiliac joint
between sacrum and iliac crest
iliac crest
top portion of pelvic bone
upper curved edge of the ilium
ilium
largest of three hip bones
surrounds sacrum
coccyx
tailbone
acetabulum
socket for ball of femur
hip joing
ischium
bottom bone / sit on this bone
lowest part of hip bones
strongest of the pelvic bone
symphysis pubis
cartilage between pubic bone
allows for movement of hips to get wider when pregnant
cartilage joint between the two pubic bones
9 upper extremity bones
- carpals (wrist)
- clavicle
- humerus (upper arm)
- metacarpals (hands)
- olecranon process (elbow)
- phalanges (fingers)
- radius (forearm)
- scapula (shoulder blades)
- ulna (forearm)
7 bones of pelvis
- acetabulum
- coccyx
- ischium
- iliac crest
- sacrum
- sacroiliac joint
- symphysis pubis
7 lower extremity bones
- femur (thigh bone)
- fibula (lower leg)
- metatarsals (arch of foot)
- patella (kneecap)
- phalanges (toes)
- tarsals (ankle)
- tibia (shin)
6.
ossification
formation of bone
osteoporosis
porous bones due to loss of bone density
lots of holes, holy
osteomyelitis
bacterial infection
s[read to bone from blood, injury, or surgery
infection of bone
ostomalacia
disease of the bones calcium and phosphorus deficiency causes fractures and deformities rickets in kids we make vitamin D going in sun; people who lack vitamin D can get this (vitamin D deficiency also equals depression)
kyphosis
humpback
abnormal outward curve of the thoracic spine
usually in elderly people
lordosis
swayback
abnormal inward curve of the lumbar spine
belly and back stick out far
scoliosis
abnormal lateral (sideway) curve of spine
ex. one shoulder or hip higher than the other
curve may be to left (levoscoliosis) or right (dextroscoliosis)
genetic disorder (traced to family in England)
levoscoliosis
scoliosis that curves to the LEFT side of the body
dextroscoliosis
scoliosis that curves to the RIGHT side of the body
spinal stenosis
narrowing of spinal cord canal
pain and back problems due to narrow canal pushing on spinal nerve
compound / open fracture
bone breaks through skin
closed fracture
simple fracture
bone did not break through skin
comminuted fracture
splinters or crushes a segment of bone
bone breaks into little pieces
greenstick fracture
breaks on one side, bent on the other
incomplete fracture, does not go all the way through bone
one side of the bone is broken, one side of the bone is bent
compression fracture
bones forced against each other
ex. spine and vertebrae
common in osteoporosis
complete fracture
break that goes through entire thickness of bone
impacted fracture
direct force causes broken end of smaller bone into broken end of larger bone
(happens in the hip - femur forced into acetabulum
Colles’ fracture
at the lower end of the radius within 1 inch of wrist
most common fracture
people fall down and put hands down to break fall
hairline / stress fracture
minor fracture
bones stay in alignment
appears on xray as hairline
bone scan
dye is injected through an IV
detects the spread of cancer, osteomyelitis, and destructive changes to bone
look for dark areas of change/abnormalities on xray
bone marrow aspiration
bone marrow withdrawn to examine under a microscope
match bone marrow to another person for transplant
large needle (aspiration needle) at iliad crest
DEXA scan
measures BMD (bone mineral density) scoring, normal bone = 0 negatives = osteoporesis, ostepenia, noninvasive
C1-C7
cervical vertebrae
T1-T12
thoracic vertebrae 1-12
L1-L5
lumbar vertebrae
fx
fracture
ORIF
Open Reduction Internal Fixation
surgery - open fracture and stabilize fracture with pins, screws, and plates
DIP
Distal Interphalangeal Joint
on finger, right under fingertips
furthest joint from body (distal)
THR
Total Hip Replacement
TKR
Total Knee Replacement
TMJ
Temporomandibular Joint
temporal bone behind ear and mandible
bone processes
projections or outgrowths of bone
long bones
bones that are longer than they are wide with distinctive shaped ends
ex. femur
flat bones
bones that are broad and thin with flat or curved surfaces
ex. sternum, scapula
short bones
bones that are about as long as they are wide and somewhat box-shaped
ex. wrist bone, carpal bone
irregular bones
bone in various sizes and shapes
often clustered in groups
ex. bones of the spinal column (vertebrae) and face
sesamoid bones
unique, irregular bones embedded in the substance of tendons and usually located around a joint
ex. patella/kneecap
